TABLE 1 International table of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values: 20021
Food number and item GI2 (Glucose = 100) GI2 (Bread = 100) Subjects (Type and number) Reference food and time period Reference Serving size Available carbohydrate GL3 (per serving)
g g/serving
BAKERY PRODUCTS
Cakes
    1 Angel food cake (Loblaw’s, Toronto, Canada) 67 95 ± 7 Type 1 and 2, 9 White bread, 3 h 1 50 29 19
    2 Banana cake, made with sugar 47 ± 8 67 Healthy, 8 White bread, 2 h 2 80 38 18
    3 Banana cake, made without sugar 55 ± 10 79 Healthy, 7 White bread, 2 h 2 80 29 16
    4 Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker; General Mills Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA) 38 ± 3 54 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 111 52 20
    5 Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles; Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) 73 ± 12 104 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 38 26 19
    6 Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Australia) 87 ± 17 124 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 50 29 25
    7 Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) 54 77 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 10 White bread, 3 h 1 53 28 15
    8 Sponge cake, plain 46 ± 6 66 Healthy, 5 Glucose, 2 h 3 63 36 17
    9 Vanilla cake made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) 42 ± 4 60 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 111 58 24
    10 Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) 67 96 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 13 White bread, 3 h 1 57 26 17
    11 Crumpet (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd, Etobicoke, Canada) 69 98 ± 4 Type 1 and 2, 13 White bread, 3 h 1 50 19 13
    12 Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw’s, Canada) 76 108 ± 10 Type 1 and 2, 10 White bread, 3 h 1 47 23 17
    13 Flan cake (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 65 93 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 10 White bread, 3 h 1 70 48 31
    14 Muffins
        Apple, made with sugar5 44 ± 6 63 Healthy, 8 White bread, 2 h 2 60 29 13
        Apple, made without sugar5 48 ± 10 69 Healthy, 8 White bread, 2 h 2 60 19 9
        Apple, oat, and sultana, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Acacia Ridge, Australia) 54 ± 4 78 ± 6 Healthy, 9 White bread, 2 h UO4 50 26 14
        Apricot, coconut, and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) 60 ± 4 86 ± 6 Healthy, 9 White bread, 2 h UO4 50 26 16
        Banana, oat and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) 65 ± 11 93 ± 16 Healthy, 10 White bread, 2 h UO4 50 26 17
        Bran (Grandma Martin’s Muffins; Culinar Inc, Aurora, Canada) 60 85 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 14 White bread, 2 h 1 57 24 15
        Blueberry (Culinar Inc, Canada) 59 84 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 10 White bread, 3 h 1 57 29 17
        Carrot (Culinar Inc, Canada) 62 88 ± 12 Type 1 and 2, 11 White bread, 3 h 1 57 32 20
        Chocolate butterscotch, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) 53 ± 5 75 ± 7 Healthy, 10 White bread, 2 h UO4 50 28 15
        Corn muffin, low-amylose 102 146 Type 2, 9 Glucose, 3 h6 4 57 29 30
        Corn muffin, high-amylose 49 70 Type 2, 9 Glucose, 3 h6 4
        Oatmeal, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) 69 98 ± 15 Type 1 and 2, 9 White bread, 3 h 1 50 35 24
    15 Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green’s General Foods, Glendenning, Australia) 67 ± 5 96 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 80 58 39
    16 Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia) 102 ± 11 146 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 77 22 22
    17 Pastry 59 ± 6 84 Healthy, 5 Glucose, 2 h 3 57 26 15
    18 Pikelets (Golden brand; Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) 85 ± 14 121 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 40 21 18
    19 Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) 92 ± 8 131 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 25 9 7
    20 Waffles (Aunt Jemima; Quaker Oats Co of Canada) 76 109 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 10 White bread, 3 h 1 35 13 10
BEVERAGES
    21 Coca Cola
        Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, Australia) 53 ± 7 76 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 250 mL 26 14
        Coca Cola, soft drink (Atlanta, GA, USA) 63 90 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 5 250 mL 26 16
        Mean of 2 types 58 ± 5 83 ± 7
    22 Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia) 66 ± 8 94 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 250 mL 20 13
    23 Fanta, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) 68 ± 6 97 Healthy, 7 Bread, 2 h 2 250 mL 34 23
    24 Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink) (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd, Uxbridge, UK) 95 ± 10 136 Healthy, 5 Glucose, 2 h 3 250 mL 42 40
    25 Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc, Omaha, NE, USA) 33 ± 9 48 ± 13 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 250 mL 41 14
    26 Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Tarren Point, Australia)6 30 ± 3 43 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 22 7
    27 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 34 ± 3 49 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 25 8
    28 Solo, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, Australia)6 58 ± 5 83 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 29 17
    29 Up and Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Berkeley Vale, Australia)6 43 ± 5 61 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 26 11
    30 Up and Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)6 46 ± 5 66 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 24 11
    31 Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose) (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 39 ± 2 56 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 34 13
Juices
    32 Apple juice
        Apple juice, pure, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia) 39 ± 5 55 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Apple juice, unsweetened 40 57 Type 2, 7 Glucose, 5 h6 6 — — —
        Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) 41 59 ± 8 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 7 — — —
        Mean of 3 studies 40 ± 1 57 ± 1 — — — 250 mL 29 12
    33 Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Wandin, Australia) 44 ± 2 63 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 30 13
    34 Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) 37 ± 3 53 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 28 10
    35 Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) 43 ± 3 61 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 33 14
    36 Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)6 43 ± 3 61 Healthy, 9 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 23 10
    37 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Australia) 52 ± 3 74 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 31 16
    38 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc, Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) 68 ± 3 97 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 36 24
    39 Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd, Bridgewater, UK) 56 ± 4 80 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 29 16
    40 Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) 48 69 ± 5 Type 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 7 250 mL 22 11
    41 Orange juice
        Orange juice (Canada) 46 ± 6 66 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 3 — — —
        Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Quelch; Berri Ltd, Carlton, Australia) 53 ± 6 76 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 50 ± 4 71 ± 5 — — — 250 mL 26 13
    42 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) 46 66 ± 3 Type 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 7 250 mL 34 16
    43 Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Berri, Australia)6 38 ± 4 54 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 9 4
    44 Yakult, fermented milk drink with Lactobacillus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) 46 ± 6 66 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 65 mL 12 6
Sports drinks
    45 Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd, Cheltenham, Australia) 78 ± 13 111 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 250 mL 15 12
    46 Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland Australia) 70 ± 15 100 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 250 mL 18 13
    47 Sports Plus (Berri Ltd, Australia) 74 ± 6 106 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 250 mL 17 13
    48 Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, Australia) 43 ± 9 61 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 250 mL 49 21
Drinks made from drinking mix powders
    49 Build-Up nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla with fiber, (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia) 41 ± 4 59 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 33 14
    50 Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with hot water (Nestlé, Australia) 51 ± 3 73 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 23 11
    51 Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) cow milk 36 ± 3 51 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 19 7
    52 Malted milk powder in full-fat cow milk (Nestlé, Australia) 45 ± 3 64 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 26 12
    53 Milo (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder)
        Milo (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in water 55 ± 3 79 ± 4 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 16 9
        Milo (Nestlé, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water 52 ± 5 74 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 16 9
        Mean of 2 studies 54 ± 2 77 ± 3
        Milo (Nestlé, Australia) dissolved in full-fat cow milk 35 ± 2 50 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 25 9
        Milo (Nestlé, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat cow milk 36 ± 3 51 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 26 9
        Mean of 2 studies 36 ± 1 51 — — — — — —
    54 Nutrimeal, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) 26 ± 3 37 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 17 4
    55 Quik (sweet drink powder)
        Quik, chocolate (Nestlé, Sydney, Australia), dissolved in water 53 ± 5 76 ± 8 Healthy, 9 Bread, 2 h UO4 250 mL 7 4
        Quik, chocolate (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5%-fat milk 41 ± 4 59 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 11 5
        Quik, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in water 64 ± 8 92 ± 12 Healthy, 9 Bread, 2 h UO4 250 mL 8 5
        Quik, strawberry (Nestlé, Australia), dissolved in 1.5%-fat milk 35 ± 3 50 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 250 mL 12 4
BREADS
    56 Bagel, white, frozen (Lender’s Bakery, Montreal, Canada) 72 103 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 1 70 35 25
    57 Baguette, white, plain (France) 95 ± 15 136 Type 2, 3 Glucose, 3 h 9 30 15 15
    58 French baguette with chocolate spread (France) 72 ± 8 101 Healthy, 14 Glucose, 2 h UO7 70 37 27
    59 French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) 62 ± 7 89 Healthy, 14 Glucose, 2 h UO7 70 41 26
    60 Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) 63 ± 10 90 Healthy, 12 Glucose, 2 h UO7 60 32 20
    61 Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd, Toronto, Canada) 74 106 ± 10 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 21 16
Barley breads
    62 Coarse barley kernel bread, 75–80% kernels
        75% kernels 27 39 ± 7 Type 2, 5 Bread, 3 h 10 30 20 5
        80% scalded intact kernels (20% white-wheat flour) 34 48 ± 10 Healthy, 10 Bread, 1.5 h 11 30 20 7
        80% intact kernels (20% white-wheat flour) 40 57 ± 10 Healthy, 10 Bread, 1.5 h 11 30 20 8
        Mean of 3 studies 34 ± 4 48 ± 9 — — — — — —
    63 Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels
        50% kernels (Canada) 43 62 ± 4 Type 2, 5 Bread, 3 h 10 30 20 9
        50% kibbled barley (Australia) 48 69 ± 7 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 12 30 20 10
        Mean of 2 studies 46 ± 2 66 ± 3 — — — 30 20 9
    64 Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, Australia) 57 ± 6 81 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 11 6
    65 Barley flour breads
        100% barley flour (Canada) 67 96 ± 6 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 10 30 13 9
        Whole-meal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white-wheat flour) (Sweden) 67 95 ± 15 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 11 30 20 13
        Whole-meal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular barley flour, 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) 50 71 ± 11 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 30 15 7
        Whole-meal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular barley flour, 80% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) 43 61 ± 7 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 30 11 5
    66 Whole-meal barley flour (80%) and white-wheat flour (20%) bread fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden)
        Whole-meal barley flour bread (used as reference for the 5 breads below)8 70 100 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 20 14
        Whole-meal barley flour bread with sourdough (lactic acid)8 53 76 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 20 10
        Whole-meal barley flour bread with lactic acid8 66 94 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 19 12
        Whole-meal barley flour bread with calcium lactate8 59 84 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 20 12
        Whole-meal barley flour bread with sodium propionate8 65 93 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 20 13
        Whole-meal barley flour bread with higher dose sodium propionate8 57 82 Healthy, 11 Whole-meal barley bread, 2 h 15 30 19 11
Buckwheat bread
    67 Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat groats and 50% white-wheat flour (Sweden) 47 67 ± 10 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 16 30 21 10
Fruit bread
    68 Bürgen fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 44 ± 5 63 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 17 30 13 6
    69 Fruit and spice loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup Bakeries, Moorebank, Australia) 54 ± 6 77 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 15 8
    70 Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) 47 ± 6 67 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 30 15 7
    71 Happiness (cinnamon, raisin, and pecan bread) (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, WI, USA) 63 ± 5 89 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 14 9
    72 Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc, USA) 54 ± 6 77 ± 9 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 12 7
    73 Hamburger bun (Loblaw’s, Canada) 61 87 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 15 9
    74 Kaiser rolls (Loblaw’s, Canada) 73 104 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 16 12
    75 Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc, Etobicoke, Canada) 70 100 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 1 30 23 16
Gluten-free bread
    76 Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Australia) 79 ± 13 113 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 13 10
    77 Gluten-free white bread (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK)
        Unsliced 71 101 ± 22 Type 2, 11 White bread, 3 h 18 30 15 11
        Sliced 80 114 ± 21 Type 2, 12 White bread, 3 h 18 30 15 12
        Mean of 2 studies 76 ± 5 108 ± 7 — — — 30 15 11
    78 Gluten-free fiber-enriched
        Unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) 69 99 ± 12 Type 2, 12 White bread, 3 h 18 30 13 9
        Sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) 76 109 ± 13 Type 2, 12 White bread, 3 h 18 30 13 10
        Mean of 2 studies 73 ± 4 104 ± 5 — — — 30 13 9
Oat bread
    79 Coarse oat-kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) 65 93 ± 11 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 11 30 19 12
Oat-bran bread
    80 50% Oat bran (Australia) 44 63 ± 10 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 12 30 18 8
    81 45% Oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) 50 72 ± 10 Healthy, 10 Bread, 1.5 h 19 30 18 9
        Mean of 2 studies 47 ± 3 68 ± 5 — — — 30 18 9
Rice bread
    82 Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia) 72 ± 9 103 ± 10 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h 8 30 12 8
    83 Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav’s Allergy Bakery, Australia) 61 ± 9 88 ± 13 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h 8 30 12 7
Rye bread
    84 Rye-kernel (pumpernickel) bread
        Coarse rye-kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) 41 58 ± 8 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 11 30 12 5
        Rye-kernel bread, pumpernickel (Canada) 41 58 Diabetic, number NS Glucose, time NS 20 30 12 5
        Whole-grain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd, Toronto, Canada) 46 66 ± 7 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 11 5
        Rye-kernel bread, pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada) 55 78 ± 3 Type 1 and 2, 14 Bread, 3 h 21 30 12 7
        Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) 55 79 ± 3 Type 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 22 30 12 7
        Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) 62 88 ± 13 Type 1, 6 Bread, 3 h 22 30 12 8
        Mean of 6 studies 50 ± 4 71 ± 7 — — — 30 12 6
    85 Whole-meal rye bread
        Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) 41 58 Type 2, number NS Glucose, time NS 23 — — —
        Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) 62 89 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 14 Bread, 3 h 21 — — —
        Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) 63 90 ± 7 Type 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 22 — — —
        Whole-meal rye bread (Canada) 66 94 ± 10 Type 1, 6 Bread, 3 h 22 — — —
        Mean of 4 studies 58 ± 6 83 ± 8 — — — 30 14 8
Specialty rye breads
    86 Blackbread, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) 76 ± 14 109 Healthy, 7 Glucose, 2 h 24 30 13 10
    87 Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye
        Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 55 ± 12 79 Healthy, 9 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Bürgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 74 ± 6 106 Type 2, 14 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 65 ± 10 93 ± 14 — — — 30 10 7
    88 Klosterbrot whole-meal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd, Canada) 67 95 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 13 9
    89 Light rye (Silverstein’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 68 97 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 14 10
    90 Linseed rye (Rudolph’s Specialty Bakery Ltd, Canada) 55 78 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 13 7
    91 Roggenbrot, Vogel’s (Stevns and Co, Sydney, Australia) 59 ± 5 84 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 14 8
    92 Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Sydney, Australia) 86 ± 15 123 Healthy, 7 Glucose, 2 h 24 30 14 12
    93 Sourdough rye
        Sourdough rye (Canada) 57 83 Type 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 26 — — —
        Sourdough rye (Australia) 48 69 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 53 ± 5 76 ± 7 — — — 30 12 6
    94 Volkornbrot, whole-meal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd, Canada) 56 80 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 13 7
Wheat bread
    95 Coarse wheat-kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white-wheat flour (Sweden) 52 74 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 11 30 20 10
    96 Cracked wheat kernel (bulgur) bread
        50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 58 83 ± 4 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 10 30 20 12
        75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) 48 69 ± 4 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 10 30 20 10
        Mean of 2 studies 53 ± 3 76 ± 4 — — — 30 20 11
Spelt wheat bread
    97 White spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)9 74 105 Healthy, 6 Bread, 3 h 27 30 23 17
    98 Whole-meal spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)9 63 91 Healthy, 6 Bread, 3 h 27 30 19 12
    99 Scalded spelt wheat-kernel bread (Slovenia)9 67 96 Healthy, 6 Bread, 3 h 27 30 22 15
    100 Spelt multigrain bread (Pav’s bakery, Australia) 54 ± 10 77 ± 14 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 12 7
    101 White-wheat-flour bread
        White flour (Canada) 69 ± 5 99 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 3 30 14 10
        White flour (USA) 70 100 Type 2, 5; IGT, 610 Bread, 3 h 28 30 14 10
        White flour (Sunblest; Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 70 100 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 14 10
        White flour (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd, Canada) 71 101 ± 9 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 14 10
        White flour (South Africa) 71 ± 7 101 Healthy, 7 Glucose, 2 h 29 30 13 9
        White flour (Canada) 71 102 ± 5 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 30 30 14 10
        Mean of 6 studies 70 ± 0 101 ± 0 — — — 30 14 10
    102 White-wheat-flour bread, hard, toasted (Italian) 73 104 ± 5 Type 2, 17 Glucose, 3 h 31 30 15 11
    103 Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, MO, USA)
        Wonder, enriched white bread 71 ± 9 101 ± 13 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Wonder, enriched white bread 72 ± 4 103 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Wonder, enriched white bread 77 ± 3 110 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Mean of 3 studies 73 ± 2 105 ± 3 — — — 30 14 10
    104 White Turkish bread (Turkey) 87 124 Type 2, 52; healthy, 31 Glucose, 2 h 32 30 17 15
White bread with enzyme inhibitors
    105 White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico)
        White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) 18 26 ± 13 Type 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 33 30 17 3
        White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) 50 70 ± 5 Healthy, 10 Bread, 3 h 33 30 17 8
        Mean of 2 groups of subjects 34 ± 16 48 ± 22 — — — 30 17 6
    106 White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic {alpha}-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)7 48 69 Type 2, 6 Bread, 4 h11 34 30 12 6
    107 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)8 29 42 Type 2, 6 Bread, 4 h11 34 30 12 4
White bread with soluble fiber
    108 White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium)
        White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) 41 59 ± 10 Type 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 33 30 17 7
        White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) 65 93 ± 24 Healthy, 10 Bread, 3 h 33 30 17 11
        Mean of 2 groups of subjects 53 ± 12 76 ± 17 — — — 30 17 9
    109 White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) 45 64 Healthy, 10 Bread, 1.6 h 35 30 15 7
    110 White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed Nori alga (Spain) 48 68 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h 36 30 15 7
    111 White bread containing Eurylon high-amylose maize starch (France)12 42 60 ± 6 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2.8 h12 37 30 19 8
White fiber-enriched bread
    112 White, high-fiber (Dempster’s Corporate Foods Ltd, Canada) 67 96 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 1 — — —
    113 White, high-fiber (Weston’s Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 69 98 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 68 ± 1 97 ± 1 — — — 30 13 9
White resistant starch-enriched bread
    114 Fibre white (Nature’s Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) 77 ± 10 110 Healthy, 14 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 15 11
    115 Wonderwhite (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) 80 ± 8 114 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 14 11
    116 Whole-meal (whole-wheat) wheat-flour bread
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 52 74 ± 15 Type 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 38 30 12 6
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 64 92 ± 11 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 10 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 65 93 Diabetic, number NS Glucose, time NS 20 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 67 95 ± 7 Type 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 22 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 67 96 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 14 Bread, 3 h 21 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 69 98 ± 5 Type 1, 5 Bread, 3 h 22 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 71 102 ± 6 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 30 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (Canada) 72 ± 6 103 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 3 30 12 8
        Whole-meal flour (USA)8 73 104 Type 2, 8 Glucose, 3 h 4 30 14 10
        Whole-meal flour (South Africa) 75 ± 9 107 Healthy, 8 Glucose, 2 h 29 30 13 9
        Whole-meal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 77 ± 9 110 Healthy, 8 Glucose, 2 h 39 30 12 9
        Whole-meal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 78 ± 16 111 Healthy, 7 Glucose, 2 h 24 30 12 9
        Whole-meal flour (Kenya) 87 124 ± 40 Type 2, 9 Bread, 2.5 h 40 30 13 11
        Mean of 13 studies 71 ± 2 101 ± 3 — — — 30 13 9
    117 Whole-meal Turkish bread 49 70 Type 2, 52; healthy, 31 Glucose, 2 h 32 30 16 8
Specialty wheat breads
    118 Bürgen Mixed-Grain bread (Australia)
        Bürgen Mixed-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) 34 ± 4 49 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 — — —
        Bürgen Mixed-Grain 45 ± 12 64 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Bürgen Mixed-Grain 69 ± 6 99 Type 2, 13 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Mean of 3 studies 49 ± 10 71 ± 15 — — — 30 11 6
    119 Bürgen Oat Bran and Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 31 ± 3 44 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 10 3
    120 Bürgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 36 ± 4 51 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 9 3
    121 English Muffin bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 77 ± 7 109 ± 11 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 14 11
    122 Healthy Choice Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc, USA) 55 ± 6 79 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 14 8
    123 Healthy Choice Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc, USA) 62 ± 6 89 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 14 9
    124 Helga’s Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, Australia) 68 ± 9 97 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 14 9
    125 Helga’s traditional whole-meal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) 70 ± 14 100 Healthy, 8 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 13 9
    126 Hunger Filler, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 59 ± 8 84 ± 12 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 13 7
    127 Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand)
        Molenberg 75 ± 10 107 Healthy, 15 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Molenberg 84 ± 8 120 Type 2, 14 Glucose, 2 h 25 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 80 ± 5 114 ± 7 — — — 30 14 11
    128 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 43 ± 5 61 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 14 6
    129 Multigrain loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) 54 ± 10 77 Healthy, 7–10 Bread, 2 h 8 30 15 8
    130 Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) 43 61 ± 7 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 12 30 14 6
    131 Nutty Natural, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 59 ± 7 85 ± 11 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 12 7
    132 Performax (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Australia) 38 ± 3 55 ± 4 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 13 5
    133 Ploughman’s Whole-grain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) 47 67 ± 4 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 12 30 14 7
    134 Ploughman’s Whole-meal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) 64 ± 10 91 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 13 9
    135 Semolina bread (Kenya) 64 92 ± 7 Type 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 41 — — —
    136 Sourdough wheat (Australia) 54 77 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 14 8
    137 Soy and linseed bread (made from packet mix in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc, USA) 50 ± 6 71 ± 9 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 10 5
    138 Stay Trim, whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 70 ± 10 101 ± 15 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 15 10
    139 Sunflower and barley bread, Riga brand (Berzin’s Specialty Bakery, Australia) 57 ± 6 81 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 13 7
    140 Vogel’s Honey and Oats (Stevns and Co, Australia) 55 ± 5 79 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 14 7
    141 Vogel’s Roggenbrot (Stevns and Co, Australia) 59 ± 5 84 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 14 8
    142 Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd, Poole, Dorset, UK) 74 105 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 1 30 22 16
    143 100% Whole-grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 51 ± 11 73 ± 15 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 13 7
    144 White-wheat-flour flatbread (Sweden) 79 113 ± 13 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 30 16 13
Unleavened bread
    145 Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, Australia) 75 ± 9 107 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 16 12
    146 Middle Eastern flatbread 97 ± 29 139 Healthy, 12 Glucose, 2 h 42 30 16 15
    147 Pita bread, white (Canada) 57 82 ± 10 Type 1 and 2, 7 Bread, 3 h 1 30 17 10
    148 Wheat-flour flatbread (India) 66 ± 9 94 Type 2, 6 Glucose, 2 h 43 30 16 10
    149 Amaranth:wheat (25:75) composite flour flatbread (India) 66 ± 10 94 Type 2, 6 Glucose, 2 h 43 30 15 10
    150 Amaranth:wheat (50:50) composite flour flatbread (India) 76 ± 20 109 Type 2, 6 Glucose, 2 h 43 30 15 11
BREAKFAST CEREALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS
    151 All-Bran (high-fiber, extruded wheat-bran cereal)
        All-Bran (Kellogg’s, Pagewood, Australia)13 30 43 ± 3 Healthy, 7 Bread, 3 h 44 30 15 4
        All-Bran (Kellogg’s, Battle Creek, MI, USA) 38 54 Healthy, 8 Glucose, 3 h14 45 30 23 9
        All-Bran (Kellogg’s Inc, Etobicoke, Canada) 50 72 ± 5 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 30 30 23 9
        All-Bran (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) 51 ± 5 73 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 3 30 23 9
        Mean of 4 studies 42 ± 5 60 ± 7 — — — — — —
    152 All-Bran Fruit ’n Oats (Kellogg’s, Australia) 39 56 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 17 7
    153 All-Bran Soy ’n Fibre (Kellogg’s, Australia) 33 ± 3 47 ± 4 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 14 4
    154 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and nonnutritive sweetener (India) 97 ± 19 139 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 3 h 43 30 19 18
Barley porridge
    155 Whole-meal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) (flour:water, 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) 68 97 ± 16 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 50 (dry) 34 23
    156 Whole-meal high-fiber barley flour porridge (50% regular barley flour: 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) 55 78 ± 8 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 50 (dry) 15 8
    157 Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) 62 88 ± 6 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 50 (dry) 28 17
    158 Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) 65 93 ± 9 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 50 (dry) 28 18
    159 Bran Buds (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 58 83 ± 11 Type 1 and 2, 8 Bread, 3 h 1 30 12 7
    160 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 47 67 ± 4 Type 1 and 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 1 30 12 6
    161 Bran Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 58 83 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 19 11
    162 Bran Flakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) 74 106 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 18 13
    163 Cheerios (General Mills Inc, Etobicoke, Canada)15 74 106 ± 9 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 20 15
    164 Chocapic (Nestlé, France) 84 ± 9 120 Healthy, 13 Glucose, 2 h UO7 30 25 21
    165 Coco Pops (cocoa-flavored puffed rice)
        Coco Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) 77 ± 8 110 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 — — —
        Coco Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) 77 ± 3 110 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 77 110 — — 30 26 20
    166 Corn Bran (Quaker Oats Co of Canada)15 75 107 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 20 15
    167 Corn Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 83 118 ± 11 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 25 21
    168 Cornflakes
        Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Auckland, New Zealand) 72 ± 16 103 Healthy, 11 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 25 18
        Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) 77 110 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 47 30 25 20
        Cornflakes (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) 80 ± 6 114 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 3 30 26 21
        Cornflakes (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada) 86 123 ± 5 Type 2, 7 Bread, 3 h 30 30 26 22
        Cornflakes (Kellogg’s, USA)7 92 130 Type 2, 9 Glucose, 3 h 4 30 26 24
        Mean of 5 studies 81 ± 3 116 ± 5 — — — 30 26 21
    169 Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice; Sunfresh Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 74 105 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 23 17
    170 Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut (Kellogg’s, Australia) 72 ± 4 103 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 24 17
    171 Corn Pops (Kellogg’s, Australia) 80 ± 4 114 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 26 21
    172 Cream of Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 66 94 ± 4 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 250 26 17
    173 Cream of Wheat, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 74 105 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 250 30 22
    174 Crispix (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 87 124 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 25 22
    175 Energy Mix (Quaker, France) 80 ± 7 112 Healthy, 14 Glucose, 2 h UO7 30 24 19
    176 Froot Loops (Kellogg’s, Australia) 69 ± 9 98 ± 13 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 26 18
    177 Frosties, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg’s, Australia) 55 79 Healthy, 12 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 26 15
    178 Fruitful Lite (Hubbards, New Zealand) 61 ± 20 86 Healthy, 9 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 20 12
    179 Fruity-Bix, berry (Sanitarium, Auckland, New Zealand) 113 ± 10 161 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 22 25
    180 Golden Grahams (General Mills Inc, Canada)15 71 102 ± 12 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 25 18
    181 Golden Wheats (Kellogg’s, Australia) 71 ± 8 101 ± 11 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 23 16
    182 Grapenuts
        Grapenuts (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc, Toronto, Canada)15 67 96 ± 9 Type 1 and 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 1 30 19 13
        Grapenuts (Kraft Foods Inc, Port Chester, NY, USA) 75 ± 6 107 ± 8 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 22 16
        Mean of 2 studies 71 ± 4 102 ± 6 — — — 30 21 15
    183 Grapenuts Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc, Canada)15 80 114 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 22 17
    184 Guardian (Kellogg’s, Australia) 37 ± 9 53 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 12 5
    185 Healthwise for bowel health (Uncle Toby’s, Wahgunyah, Australia) 66 ± 9 94 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 18 12
    186 Healthwise for heart health (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) 48 ± 5 69 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 19 9
    187 Honey Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) 77 ± 4 110 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 27 20
    188 Honey Smacks (Kellogg’s, Australia) 71 ± 10 101 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 23 11
    189 Hot cereal, apple and cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) 37 ± 6 53 ± 8 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 22 8
    190 Hot cereal, unflavored (Con Agra Inc, USA) 25 ± 5 36 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 19 5
    191 Just Right (Kellogg’s, Australia) 60 ± 15 86 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 22 13
    192 Just Right Just Grains (Kellogg’s, Australia) 62 ± 11 88 ± 16 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 23 14
    193 Komplete (Kellogg’s, Australia) 48 ± 5 68 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 21 10
    194 Life (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 66 94 ± 8 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 25 15
    195 Mini Wheats, whole wheat (Kellogg’s, Australia) 58 ± 8 83 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 13 30 21 12
    196 Mini Wheats, blackcurrant (Kellogg’s, Australia) 72 ± 10 103 Healthy, 10–12 Bread, 2 h 17 30 21 15
Muesli — — — — — 30 21 12
    197 Muesli, NS (Canada) 66 ± 9 94 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 3 30 24 17
    198 Alpen Muesli (Wheetabix, France) 55 ± 10 77 Healthy, 14 Glucose, 2 h UO7 30 19 10
    199 Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) with 1.5%-fat milk 39 ± 6 56 Healthy, 9 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 19 7
    200 Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) 54 ± 12 77 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 18 10
    201 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) 57 ± 9 81 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 25 30 19 11
    202 Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) 40 ± 6 57 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 30 19 8
        Mean of 2 studies 49 ± 9 69 ± 12 — — — 30 20 10
    203 Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd, Toronto, Canada)15 60 85 ± 12 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h 1 30 18 11
    204 Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby’s, Australia) 56 ± 8 80 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 30 16 9
    205 Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, Australia) 43 ± 4 61 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 30 17 7
    206 Nutrigrain (Kellogg’s, Australia) 66 ± 12 94 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 2 30 15 10
    207 Oat ’n Honey Bake (Kellogg’s, Australia) 77 ± 11 111 ± 16 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 17 13
    208 Oat bran
        Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 50 72 ± 6 Type 1 and 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 1 10 5 2
        Oat bran, raw 59 84 Type 2, 13 Bread, 3 h 26 10 5 3
        Mean of 2 studies 55 ± 5 78 ± 6 — — — 10 5 3
    209 Porridge made from rolled oats
        Porridge (Uncle Toby’s, Australia)13 42 60 ± 5 Healthy, 7 Bread, 3 h 44 250 21 9
        Porridge (Canada)16 49 ± 8 70 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 3 250 23 11
        Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Box Hill, Australia) 51 ± 8 73 ± 12 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 250 21 11
        Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) 58 ± 9 82 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h 25 250 21 12
        Porridge (Australia) 58 ± 4 83 Healthy, 7 Bread, 2 h 48 250 21 12
        Porridge (Canada) 62 88 Diabetic, number NS Glucose, time NS 20 250 23 14
        Porridge (Canada) 69 98 ± 9 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 30 250 23 16
        Porridge (USA)6 75 107 Type 2, 8 Glucose, 3 h 4 250 23 17
        Mean of 8 studies 58 ± 4 83 ± 5 — — — 250 22 13
    210 Whole-meal oat-flour porridge (flour:water, 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) 74 106 ± 19 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 14 50 (dry) 32 24
    211 Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) 55 78 ± 9 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 250 27 15
    212 Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) 69 99 ± 10 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 250 27 19
    213 Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) 50 72 ± 9 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 250 27 14
    214 Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) 80 114 ± 12 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 250 27 22
    215 Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) 53 76 ± 8 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h 46 250 27 14
    216 Instant porridge
        Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co, Canada) 65 93 Type 2, 6 Bread, 3 h 49 — — —
        One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 66 94 ± 10 Type 1 and 2, 7 Bread, 3 h 1 — — —
        Mean of 2 studies 66 ± 1 94 ± 1 — — — 250 26 17
    217 Pop Tarts, double chocolate (Kellogg’s, Australia) 70 ± 2 100 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 50 36 25
    218 Pro Stars (General Mills Inc, Canada)15 71 102 ± 7 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 24 17
    219 Puffed wheat
        Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co, Canada)15 67 96 ± 7 Type 1 and 2, 10 Bread, 3 h 1 30 20 13
        Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Sydney, Australia) 80 ± 11 114 Healthy, 8 Glucose, 2 h 38 30 21 17
        Mean of 2 studies 74 ± 7 105 ± 9 — — — 30 21 16
    220 Raisin Bran (Kellogg’s, USA) 61 ± 5 87 ± 7 Healthy, 10 Bread, 2 h UO4 30 19 12
    221 Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada) 49 70 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 9 Bread, 3 h13 1 30 22 13
    222 Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd, Leeton, Australia) 19 ± 3 27 Healthy, 8 Bread, 2 h 48 30 14 3
    223 Rice Bubbles (puffed rice)
        Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia)13 81 116 ± 11 Healthy, 7 Bread, 3 h 44 — — —
        Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) 85 ± 3 121 Healthy, 10 Glucose, 2 h UO4 — — —
        Rice Bubbles (Kellogg’s, Australia) 95 136 Healthy, 6 Glucose, 2 h 47 — — —
        Mean of 3 studies 87 ± 4 124 ± 6 — — — 30 26 22
    224 Rice Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd, Canada)15 89 127 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 11 Bread, 3 h 1 30 26 23
    225 Rice Krispies (Kellogg’s Inc, Canada)15 82 117 ± 5 Type 1 and 2, 12 Bread, 3 h 1 30 26 22
    226