American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 48, 439-483, Copyright © 1988 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

The National WIC Evaluation: evaluation of the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children. V. Longitudinal study of pregnant women

D Rush, NL Sloan, J Leighton, JM Alvir, DG Horvitz, WB Seaver, GC Garbowski, SS Johnson, RA Kulka and M Holt
Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY.

The major associations with the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in pregnancy were increased intake of protein, iron, calcium, and vitamin C (four of five targeted nutrients) and of energy, magnesium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12; reversal of low weight gain in early pregnancy; smaller fat stores in late pregnancy; reduced frequency of premature rupture of the uterine membranes; larger infant head circumference with no effect on birth weight and length; increased birth weight and head circumference with better program quality; and lower fetal mortality of appreciable but not significant magnitude. Incremental energy intake was comparable to that in most small-scale supplementation trials. There was no evidence of effects on frequency of prenatal care, use of alcohol or tobacco, the intention to breast- feed, or the rate of breast-feeding. Maternal alcohol intake was associated with depressed infant head circumference, over and above effects on birth weight and length.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Taylor and A. Marandi Social determinants of health and the design of health programmes for the poor BMJ, July 9, 2008; 337(jul09_3): a290 - a290. [Full Text]

				D. Rose, J. N. Bodor, and M. Chilton Has the WIC Incentive to Formula-Feed Led to an Increase in Overweight Children? J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 1086 - 1090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. G. Kugyelka, K. M. Rasmussen, and E. A. Frongillo Maternal Obesity is Negatively Associated with Breastfeeding Success among Hispanic but Not Black Women J. Nutr., July 1, 2004; 134(7): 1746 - 1753. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Kowaleski-Jones and G. J. Duncan Effects of Participation in the WIC Program on Birthweight: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Am J Public Health, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 799 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Besharov and P. Germanis Evaluating WIC Eval Rev, April 1, 2000; 24(2): 123 - 190. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Havas, J. Anliker, D. Damron, R. Feldman, and P. Langenberg Uses of Process Evaluation in the Maryland WIC 5-a-Day Promotion Program Health Educ Behav, April 1, 2000; 27(2): 254 - 263. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. S. Strauss and W. H. Dietz Low Maternal Weight Gain in the Second or Third Trimester Increases the Risk for Intrauterine Growth Retardation J. Nutr., May 1, 1999; 129(5): 988 - 993. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L. Foo and P Somsiah Parity as a Determinant of the Hematologic Response to Hematinics Supplementation in Underprivileged Pregnant Women in Malaysia Asia Pac J Public Health, October 1, 1991; 5(4): 302 - 306. [Abstract] [PDF]