American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 53, 1104-1111, Copyright © 1991 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Cigarette smoking, dietary intake, and physical activity: effects on body fat distribution--the Normative Aging Study

RJ Troisi, JW Heinold, PS Vokonas and ST Weiss
Normative Aging Study, Veterans Administration Outpatient Clinic, Boston, MA.

Studies have indicated that although smokers weigh less than nonsmokers, smokers have greater waist-to-hip circumference ratios after adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether factors associated with smoking, such as dietary intake, alcohol intake, and physical activity, modified or confounded the relationship between smoking and body fat distribution. The study used cross-sectional data for 765 men aged 43- 85 y from the Normative Aging Study. Current smokers were found to have a greater amount of central adiposity, as represented by the abdomen-to- hip circumference ratio (abdomen-hip ratio), than did former smokers and people who never smoked after adjustment for age, BMI, dietary and alcohol intakes, and physical activity. Multiple-linear-regression analysis revealed that physical activity was negatively associated with and alcohol intake was positively associated with the abdomen-hip ratio. These results suggest a direct effect of smoking on body fat distribution, independent of other smoking-related behaviors.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				I. Baik and C. Shin Prospective study of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1455 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Halkjaer, A. Tjonneland, B. L Thomsen, K. Overvad, and T. I. Sorensen Intake of macronutrients as predictors of 5-y changes in waist circumference. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 789 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Canoy, R. Luben, A. Welch, S. Bingham, N. Wareham, N. Day, and K. T. Khaw Abdominal Obesity and Respiratory Function in Men and Women in the EPIC-Norfolk Study, United Kingdom Am. J. Epidemiol., June 15, 2004; 159(12): 1140 - 1149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Greenfield, K. Samaras, A. B. Jenkins, P. J. Kelly, T. D. Spector, and L. V. Campbell Moderate Alcohol Consumption, Dietary Fat Composition, and Abdominal Obesity in Women: Evidence for Gene-Environment Interaction J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5381 - 5386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Dewar, B. U. Bradford, and R. G. Thurman Nicotine Increases Hepatic Oxygen Uptake in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver by Inhibiting Glycolysis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2002; 301(3): 930 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Wirfalt, B. Hedblad, B. Gullberg, I. Mattisson, C. Andren, U. Rosander, L. Janzon, and G. Berglund Food Patterns and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women: A Cross-sectional Study within the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2001; 154(12): 1150 - 1159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Trichopoulou, C. Gnardellis, A. Lagiou, V. Benetou, A. Naska, and D. Trichopoulos Physical activity and energy intake selectively predict the waist-to-hip ratio in men but not in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2001; 74(5): 574 - 578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. F. Fletcher, G. J. Balady, E. A. Amsterdam, B. Chaitman, R. Eckel, J. Fleg, V. F. Froelicher, A. S. Leon, I. L. Pina, R. Rodney, et al. Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1694 - 1740. [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Palaniappan, L. J. Starkey, J. O'Loughlin, and K. Gray-Donald Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Is Lower and Saturated Fat Intake Is Higher among Canadians Reporting Smoking J. Nutr., July 1, 2001; 131(7): 1952 - 1958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. I Goran and B. A Gower Relation between visceral fat and disease risk in children and adolescents Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 1999; 70 (1): 149S - 156S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Samaras, P. J. Kelly, M. N. Chiano, T. D. Spector, and L. V. Campbell Genetic and Environmental Influences on Total-Body and Central Abdominal Fat: The Effect of Physical Activity in Female Twins Ann Intern Med, June 1, 1999; 130(11): 873 - 882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J. Shephard and G. J. Balady Exercise as Cardiovascular Therapy Circulation, February 23, 1999; 99(7): 963 - 972. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Dallongeville, N. Marécaux, J.-C. Fruchart, and P. Amouyel Cigarette Smoking Is Associated with Unhealthy Patterns of Nutrient Intake: a Meta-analysis J. Nutr., September 1, 1998; 128(9): 1450 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. H. Dietz Childhood Weight Affects Adult Morbidity and Mortality J. Nutr., February 1, 1998; 128(2): 411 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. H. Dietz Periods of Risk in Childhood for the Development of Adult Obesity --- What Do We Need to Learn? J. Nutr., September 1, 1997; 127(9): 1884 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				E. T. Poehlman, M. J. Toth, L. B. Bunyard, A. W. Gardner, K. E. Donaldson, E. Colman, T. Fonong, and P. A. Ades Physiological Predictors of Increasing Total and Central Adiposity in Aging Men and Women Arch Intern Med, December 11, 1995; 155(22): 2443 - 2448. [Abstract] [PDF]