American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 54, 846-854, Copyright © 1991 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc

REVIEW ARTICLES

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

TM Wolever, DJ Jenkins, AL Jenkins and RG Josse
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

There is controversy regarding the clinical utility of classifying foods according to their glycemic responses by using the glycemic index (GI). Part of the controversy is due to methodologic variables that can markedly affect the interpretation of glycemic responses and the GI values obtained. Recent studies support the clinical utility of the GI. Within limits determined by the expected GI difference and by the day- to-day variation of glycemic responses, the GI predicts the ranking of the glycemic potential of different meals in individual subjects. In long-term trials, low-GI diets result in modest improvements in overall blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent and non- insulin-dependent diabetes. Of perhaps greater therapeutic importance is the ability of low-GI diets to reduce insulin secretion and lower blood lipid concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

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				V. Vuksan, J. L Sievenpiper, J. Wong, Z. Xu, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, J. T Arnason, V. Assinewe, M. P Stavro, A. L Jenkins, L. A Leiter, et al. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) attenuates postprandial glycemia in a time-dependent but not dose-dependent manner in healthy individuals Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 753 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, J. E Manson, M. J Stampfer, M. D Holmes, F. B Hu, S. E Hankinson, and W. C Willett Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2001; 73(3): 560 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, J. E Manson, F. B Hu, and W. C Willett Reply to BO Schneeman Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2001; 73 (1): 130 - 131. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J Kaplan, C. E Greenwood, G. Winocur, and T. M. Wolever Cognitive performance is associated with glucose regulation in healthy elderly persons and can be enhanced with glucose and dietary carbohydrates Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2000; 72(3): 825 - 836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. E. Spieth, J. D. Harnish, C. M. Lenders, L. B. Raezer, M. A. Pereira, S. J. Hangen, and D. S. Ludwig A Low-Glycemic Index Diet in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2000; 154(9): 947 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, W. C Willett, M. J Stampfer, F. B Hu, M. Franz, L. Sampson, C. H Hennekens, and J. E Manson A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1455 - 1461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vuksan, M. P Stavro, J. L Sievenpiper, V. Y. Koo, E. Wong, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, T. Francis, A. L Jenkins, L. A Leiter, R. G Josse, et al. American Ginseng Improves Glycemia in Individuals with Normal Glucose Tolerance: Effect of Dose and Time Escalation J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(6): 738 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hallfrisch and K. M. Behall Mechanisms of the Effects of Grains on Insulin and Glucose Responses J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 320S - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vuksan, J. L. Sievenpiper, V. Y. Y. Koo, T. Francis, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, Z. Xu, and E. Vidgen American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) Reduces Postprandial Glycemia in Nondiabetic Subjects and Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Arch Intern Med, April 10, 2000; 160(7): 1009 - 1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Agus, J. F Swain, C. L Larson, E. A Eckert, and D. S Ludwig Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2000; 71(4): 901 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Noakes and P. M Clifton Changes in plasma lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors during 3 energy-restricted diets differing in total fat and fatty acid composition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 706 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Ludwig Dietary Glycemic Index and Obesity J. Nutr., February 1, 2000; 130(2): 280 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text]