|
|
||||||||
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 54, 846-854, Copyright © 1991 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
REVIEW ARTICLES |
TM Wolever, DJ Jenkins, AL Jenkins and RG Josse
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
There is controversy regarding the clinical utility of classifying foods according to their glycemic responses by using the glycemic index (GI). Part of the controversy is due to methodologic variables that can markedly affect the interpretation of glycemic responses and the GI values obtained. Recent studies support the clinical utility of the GI. Within limits determined by the expected GI difference and by the day- to-day variation of glycemic responses, the GI predicts the ranking of the glycemic potential of different meals in individual subjects. In long-term trials, low-GI diets result in modest improvements in overall blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent and non- insulin-dependent diabetes. Of perhaps greater therapeutic importance is the ability of low-GI diets to reduce insulin secretion and lower blood lipid concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
This article has been cited by other articles:
![]() |
L. L Moisey, S. Kacker, A. C Bickerton, L. E Robinson, and T. E Graham Caffeinated coffee consumption impairs blood glucose homeostasis in response to high and low glycemic index meals in healthy men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1254 - 1261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Marsh and J. Brand-Miller State of the Art Reviews: Glycemic Index, Obesity, and Chronic Disease American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 142 - 150. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. L Pearce, M. Noakes, J. Keogh, and P. M Clifton Effect of carbohydrate distribution on postprandial glucose peaks with the use of continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2008; 87(3): 638 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. M. Wolever, J. C Brand-Miller, J. Abernethy, A. Astrup, F. Atkinson, M. Axelsen, I. Bjorck, F. Brighenti, R. Brown, A. Brynes, et al. Measuring the glycemic index of foods: interlaboratory study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 247S - 257S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. A. Wendel, A. Purushotham, L.-F. Liu, and M. A. Belury Conjugated linoleic acid fails to worsen insulin resistance but induces hepatic steatosis in the presence of leptin in ob/ob mice J. Lipid Res., January 1, 2008; 49(1): 98 - 106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. J Moran, M. Noakes, P. M Clifton, G. A Wittert, C. W Le Roux, M. A Ghatei, S. R Bloom, and R. J Norman Postprandial ghrelin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, and appetite before and after weight loss in overweight women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2007; 86(6): 1603 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Panahi, A. Ezatagha, F. Temelli, T. Vasanthan, and V. Vuksan -Glucan from Two Sources of Oat Concentrates Affect Postprandial Glycemia in Relation to the Level of Viscosity J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2007; 26(6): 639 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. N Davis, K. E Alexander, E. E Ventura, L. A Kelly, C. J Lane, C. E Byrd-Williams, C. M Toledo-Corral, C. K Roberts, D. Spruijt-Metz, M. J Weigensberg, et al. Associations of dietary sugar and glycemic index with adiposity and insulin dynamics in overweight Latino youth Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1331 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Akhavan and G H. Anderson Effects of glucose-to-fructose ratios in solutions on subjective satiety, food intake, and satiety hormones in young men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2007; 86(5): 1354 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Visek, M. Zourek, S. Lacigova, and Z. Rusavy Influence of Fiber on Glycemic Index of Enteral Nutrition JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, November 1, 2007; 31(6): 491 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. A. Samra and G H. Anderson Insoluble cereal fiber reduces appetite and short-term food intake and glycemic response to food consumed 75 min later by healthy men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 972 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. C. Maki, M. L. Carson, M. P. Miller, M. Turowski, M. Bell, D. M. Wilder, and M. S. Reeves High-Viscosity Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Blunts Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses Diabetes Care, May 1, 2007; 30(5): 1039 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. J. Mukamal, I. Kawachi, M. Miller, and E. B. Rimm Body Mass Index and Risk of Suicide Among Men Arch Intern Med, March 12, 2007; 167(5): 468 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. D. Liese, T. Gilliard, M. Schulz, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, and T. M.S. Wolever Carbohydrate nutrition, glycaemic load, and plasma lipids: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2007; 28(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. A Hatonen, M. E Simila, J. R Virtamo, J. G Eriksson, M.-L. Hannila, H. K Sinkko, J. E Sundvall, H. M Mykkanen, and L. M Valsta Methodologic considerations in the measurement of glycemic index: glycemic response to rye bread, oatmeal porridge, and mashed potato. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1055 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. Zhang, S. Liu, C. G. Solomon, and F. B. Hu Dietary Fiber Intake, Dietary Glycemic Load, and the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Care, October 1, 2006; 29(10): 2223 - 2230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. Bove, J. Hebreo, J. Wylie-Rosett, and C. R. Isasi Burger king and subway: key nutrients, glycemic index, and glycemic load of nutritionally promoted items. The Diabetes Educator, September 1, 2006; 32(5): 675 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. E. Griel, E. H. Ruder, and P. M. Kris-Etherton The Changing Roles of Dietary Carbohydrates: From Simple to Complex Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(9): 1958 - 1965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
V. Englert, K. Wells, W. Long, M. S. Hickey, and C. L. Melby Effect of Acute Prior Exercise on Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 25(3): 195 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. L. Neuhouser, L. F. Tinker, C. Thomson, B. Caan, L. V. Horn, L. Snetselaar, L. M. Parker, R. E. Patterson, R. Robinson-O'Brien, S. A. A. Beresford, et al. Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiologic Studies J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1604 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
K. Murakami, S. Sasaki, Y. Takahashi, H. Okubo, Y. Hosoi, H. Horiguchi, E. Oguma, and F. Kayama Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to metabolic risk factors in Japanese female farmers with traditional dietary habits Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Sievenpiper, M.-K. Sung, M. Di Buono, K. Seung-Lee, K. Y. Nam, J. T. Arnason, L. A. Leiter, and V. Vuksan Korean Red Ginseng Rootlets Decrease Acute Postprandial Glycemia: Results from Sequential Preparation- and Dose-Finding Studies. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 25(2): 100 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Ma, Y. Li, D. E. Chiriboga, B. C. Olendzki, J. R. Hebert, W. Li, K. Leung, A. R. Hafner, and I. S. Ockene Association between Carbohydrate Intake and Serum Lipids. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 25(2): 155 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Bowen, M. Noakes, C. Trenerry, and P. M. Clifton Energy Intake, Ghrelin, and Cholecystokinin after Different Carbohydrate and Protein Preloads in Overweight Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1477 - 1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. L. Asp, S. R. Hertzler, J. Chow, and B. W. Wolf Gamma-Cyclodextrin Lowers Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia without Carbohydrate Malabsorption in Healthy Adults. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 25(1): 49 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A. D. Liese, M. Schulz, F. Fang, T. M.S. Wolever, R. B. D'Agostino Jr, K. C. Sparks, and E. J. Mayer-Davis Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate and Fiber Intake, and Measures of Insulin Sensitivity, Secretion, and Adiposity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Diabetes Care, December 1, 2005; 28(12): 2832 - 2838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. Iacobellis and F. Leonetti Epicardial Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Obese Subjects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2005; 90(11): 6300 - 6302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. C.G. Alfenas and R. D. Mattes Influence of Glycemic Index/Load on Glycemic Response, Appetite, and Food Intake in Healthy Humans Diabetes Care, September 1, 2005; 28(9): 2123 - 2129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. J. Moran, N. D. Luscombe-Marsh, M. Noakes, G. A. Wittert, J. B. Keogh, and P. M. Clifton The Satiating Effect of Dietary Protein Is Unrelated to Postprandial Ghrelin Secretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2005; 90(9): 5205 - 5211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S.-L. Wee, C. Williams, K. Tsintzas, and L. Boobis Ingestion of a high-glycemic index meal increases muscle glycogen storage at rest but augments its utilization during subsequent exercise J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2005; 99(2): 707 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C-J Tsai, M F Leitzmann, W C Willett, and E L Giovannucci Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men Gut, June 1, 2005; 54(6): 823 - 828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. B Ebbeling, M. M Leidig, K. B Sinclair, L. G Seger-Shippee, H. A Feldman, and D. S Ludwig Effects of an ad libitum low-glycemic load diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese young adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2005; 81(5): 976 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
N. D Luscombe-Marsh, M. Noakes, G. A Wittert, J. B Keogh, P. Foster, and P. M Clifton Carbohydrate-restricted diets high in either monounsaturated fat or protein are equally effective at promoting fat loss and improving blood lipids Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2005; 81(4): 762 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Ma, B. Olendzki, D. Chiriboga, J. R. Hebert, Y. Li, W. Li, M. Campbell, K. Gendreau, and I. S. Ockene Association between Dietary Carbohydrates and Body Weight Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2005; 161(4): 359 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. S. Michaud, C. S. Fuchs, S. Liu, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, and E. Giovannucci Dietary Glycemic Load, Carbohydrate, Sugar, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2005; 14(1): 138 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
S. Scaglioni, M. Sala, G. Stival, M. Giroli, C. Raimondil, M. Salvioni, G. Radaelli, C. Agostoni, E. Riva, and M. Giovannini Dietary Glycemic Load and Macronutrient Intake in Healthy Italian Children Asia Pac J Public Health, January 1, 2005; 17(2): 88 - 92. [Abstract] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. Wu, E. Giovannucci, T. Pischon, S. E Hankinson, J. Ma, N. Rifai, and E. B Rimm Fructose, glycemic load, and quantity and quality of carbohydrate in relation to plasma C-peptide concentrations in US women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2004; 80(4): 1043 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. A Schaumberg, S. Liu, J. M Seddon, W. C Willett, and S. E Hankinson Dietary glycemic load and risk of age-related cataract Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 489 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. T. Frauchiger, C. Wenk, and P. C. Colombani Effects of Acute Chromium Supplementation on Postprandial Metabolism in Healthy Young Men J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 23(4): 351 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
L. J. Moran, M. Noakes, P. M. Clifton, G. A. Wittert, L. Tomlinson, C. Galletly, N. D. Luscombe, and R. J. Norman Ghrelin and Measures of Satiety Are Altered in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome But Not Differentially Affected by Diet Composition J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3337 - 3344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. M.S. Wolever, J. E. Campbell, D. Geleva, and G. H. Anderson High-Fiber Cereal Reduces Postprandial Insulin Responses in Hyperinsulinemic but not Normoinsulinemic Subjects Diabetes Care, June 1, 2004; 27(6): 1281 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Sievenpiper, J. T. Arnason, L. A. Leiter, and V. Vuksan Decreasing, Null and Increasing Effects of Eight Popular Types of Ginseng on Acute Postprandial Glycemic Indices in Healthy Humans: The Role of Ginsenosides J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2004; 23(3): 248 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
M. D. Holmes, S. Liu, S. E. Hankinson, G. A. Colditz, D. J. Hunter, and W. C. Willett Dietary Carbohydrates, Fiber, and Breast Cancer Risk Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2004; 159(8): 732 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. A. Williams, C.-S. Lai, H. Corwin, Y. Ma, K. C. Maki, K. A. Garleb, and B. W. Wolf Inclusion of Guar Gum and Alginate into a Crispy Bar Improves Postprandial Glycemia in Humans J. Nutr., April 1, 2004; 134(4): 886 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. O. Scholl, X. Chen, C. S. Khoo, and C. Lenders The Dietary Glycemic Index during Pregnancy: Influence on Infant Birth Weight, Fetal Growth, and Biomarkers of Carbohydrate Metabolism Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2004; 159(5): 467 - 474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Sievenpiper and V. Vuksan Glycemic Index in the Treatment of Diabetes: The Debate Continues J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 23(1): 1 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. Kaput and R. L. Rodriguez Nutritional genomics: the next frontier in the postgenomic era Physiol Genomics, January 15, 2004; 16(2): 166 - 177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
J. L. Sievenpiper, J. T. Arnason, L. A. Leiter, and V. Vuksan Null and Opposing Effects of Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on Acute Glycemia: Results of Two Acute Dose Escalation Studies J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2003; 22(6): 524 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G. M Shaw, T. Quach, V. Nelson, S. L Carmichael, D. M Schaffer, S. Selvin, and W. Yang Neural tube defects associated with maternal periconceptional dietary intake of simple sugars and glycemic index Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2003; 78(5): 972 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Cho, D. Spiegelman, D. J. Hunter, W. Y. Chen, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett Premenopausal Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Fiber in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2003; 12(11): 1153 - 1158. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
||||
![]() |
S. Schenk, C. J Davidson, T. W Zderic, L. O Byerley, and E. F Coyle Different glycemic indexes of breakfast cereals are not due to glucose entry into blood but to glucose removal by tissue Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 742 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
G H. Anderson and D. Woodend Consumption of sugars and the regulation of short-term satiety and food intake Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 843S - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
D. R Jacobs Jr and L. M Steffen Nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns as exposures in research: a framework for food synergy Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 508S - 513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. B. Ebbeling, M. M. Leidig, K. B. Sinclair, J. P. Hangen, and D. S. Ludwig A Reduced-Glycemic Load Diet in the Treatment of Adolescent Obesity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, August 1, 2003; 157(8): 773 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
C. G. MacIntosh, S. H. A. Holt, and J. C. Brand-Miller The Degree of Fat Saturation Does Not Alter Glycemic, Insulinemic or Satiety Responses to a Starchy Staple in Healthy Men J. Nutr., August 1, 2003; 133(8): 2577 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
E. Farnsworth, N. D Luscombe, M. Noakes, G. Wittert, E. Argyiou, and P. M Clifton Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2003; 78(1): 31 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
A Tavani, C Bosetti, E Negri, L S Augustin, D J A Jenkins, and C La Vecchia Carbohydrates, dietary glycaemic load and glycaemic index, and risk of acute myocardial infarction Heart, July 1, 2003; 89(7): 722 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
R. M. Hoffman, D. S. Kronfeld, W. L. Cooper, and P. A. Harris Glucose clearance in grazing mares is affected by diet, pregnancy, and lactation J Anim Sci, July 1, 2003; 81(7): 1764 - 1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
Y. Kido, S. Hiramoto, M. Murao, Y. Horio, T. Miyazaki, T. Kodama, and Y. Nakabou {epsilon}-Polylysine Inhibits Pancreatic Lipase Activity and Suppresses Postprandial Hypertriacylglyceridemia in Rats J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1887 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
B. W. Wolf, K. A. Garleb, Y. S. Choe, P. M. Humphrey, and K. C. Maki Pullulan Is a Slowly Digested Carbohydrate in Humans J. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 133(4): 1051 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
||||
![]() |
T. M. Wolever and C. Mehling Long-term effect of varying the source or amount of dietary carbohydrate on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, triacylgly |