American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 54, 846-854, Copyright © 1991 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc

REVIEW ARTICLES

The glycemic index: methodology and clinical implications

TM Wolever, DJ Jenkins, AL Jenkins and RG Josse
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

There is controversy regarding the clinical utility of classifying foods according to their glycemic responses by using the glycemic index (GI). Part of the controversy is due to methodologic variables that can markedly affect the interpretation of glycemic responses and the GI values obtained. Recent studies support the clinical utility of the GI. Within limits determined by the expected GI difference and by the day- to-day variation of glycemic responses, the GI predicts the ranking of the glycemic potential of different meals in individual subjects. In long-term trials, low-GI diets result in modest improvements in overall blood glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent and non- insulin-dependent diabetes. Of perhaps greater therapeutic importance is the ability of low-GI diets to reduce insulin secretion and lower blood lipid concentrations in patients with hypertriglyceridemia.

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				L. E. Spieth, J. D. Harnish, C. M. Lenders, L. B. Raezer, M. A. Pereira, S. J. Hangen, and D. S. Ludwig A Low-Glycemic Index Diet in the Treatment of Pediatric Obesity Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2000; 154(9): 947 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, W. C Willett, M. J Stampfer, F. B Hu, M. Franz, L. Sampson, C. H Hennekens, and J. E Manson A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2000; 71(6): 1455 - 1461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vuksan, M. P Stavro, J. L Sievenpiper, V. Y. Koo, E. Wong, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, T. Francis, A. L Jenkins, L. A Leiter, R. G Josse, et al. American Ginseng Improves Glycemia in Individuals with Normal Glucose Tolerance: Effect of Dose and Time Escalation J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(6): 738 - 744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hallfrisch and K. M. Behall Mechanisms of the Effects of Grains on Insulin and Glucose Responses J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(90003): 320S - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Vuksan, J. L. Sievenpiper, V. Y. Y. Koo, T. Francis, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, Z. Xu, and E. Vidgen American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) Reduces Postprandial Glycemia in Nondiabetic Subjects and Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Arch Intern Med, April 10, 2000; 160(7): 1009 - 1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Agus, J. F Swain, C. L Larson, E. A Eckert, and D. S Ludwig Dietary composition and physiologic adaptations to energy restriction Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2000; 71(4): 901 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Noakes and P. M Clifton Changes in plasma lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors during 3 energy-restricted diets differing in total fat and fatty acid composition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 706 - 712. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Ludwig Dietary Glycemic Index and Obesity J. Nutr., February 1, 2000; 130(2): 280 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. S. Ludwig, M. A. Pereira, C. H. Kroenke, J. E. Hilner, L. Van Horn, M. L. Slattery, and D. R. Jacobs Jr Dietary Fiber, Weight Gain, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Adults JAMA, October 27, 1999; 282(16): 1539 - 1546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. N Englyst, H. N Englyst, G. J Hudson, T. J Cole, and J. H Cummings Rapidly available glucose in foods: an in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 1999; 69(3): 448 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Ludwig, J. A. Majzoub, A. Al-Zahrani, G. E. Dallal, I. Blanco, and S. B. Roberts High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, and Obesity Pediatrics, March 1, 1999; 103(3): 26e - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. J.A. Jenkins, V. Vuksan, C. W.C. Kendall, P. Wursch, R. Jeffcoat, S. Waring, C. C. Mehling, E. Vidgen, L. S.A. Augustin, and E. Wong Physiological Effects of Resistant Starches on Fecal Bulk, Short Chain Fatty Acids, Blood Lipids and Glycemic Index J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 1998; 17(6): 609 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Nguyen, H. Dumon, V. Biourge, and E. Pouteau Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses after Ingestion of Commercial Foods in Healthy Dogs: Influence of Food Composition J. Nutr., December 1, 1998; 128(12): 2654S - 2654. [Full Text]

				P. Nguyen, H. Dumon, V. Biourge, and E. Pouteau Measurement of Postprandial Incremental Glucose and Insulin Changes in Healthy Dogs: Influence of Food Adaptation and Length of Time of Blood Sampling J. Nutr., December 1, 1998; 128(12): 2659S - 2659. [Full Text]