American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 62, 330-337, Copyright © 1995 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energy balance in free-living men eating ad libitum

RJ Stubbs, P Ritz, WA Coward and AM Prentice
MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge, UK.

We previously increased the energy density and fat content across three diets (factorial design), which led to a marked increase in energy intake in six men over 7 d while continuously resident in a whole-body indirect calorimeter. In the present study we fed the same diets to seven men who were resident in, but not confined to, a metabolic suite for 2 wk/diet. This added a component of increased physical activity. The fat, carbohydrate, and protein contents, respectively, of each diet (as a percent of energy) were as follows: low-fat (LF), 20:67:13; medium-fat (MF), 40:47:13; and high-fat (HF), 60:27:13. Energy density increased as the percent of fat in the diet increased. Energy intakes from the LF, MF, and HF diets (9.11, 10.32, and 12.78 MJ/d, respectively) were almost identical to those in our calorimeter study (9.02, 10.2, and 12.35 MJ/d, respectively) whereas energy expenditures (estimated by the doubly labeled water method) were 12.45, 12.10, and 11.97 MJ/d on the LF, MF and HF diets, respectively, compared with 9.48, 9.53, and 9.78 MJ/d, respectively, in our calorimeter study. This finding suggests that diet composition and energy expenditure combined influence energy balance in humans.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. L. J. Greenwood and J. B. Stanford Preventing or Improving Obesity by Addressing Specific Eating Patterns J Am Board Fam Med, March 1, 2008; 21(2): 135 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. O. Hill Understanding and Addressing the Epidemic of Obesity: An Energy Balance Perspective Endocr. Rev., December 1, 2006; 27(7): 750 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. C. Howarth, S. P. Murphy, L. R. Wilkens, J. H. Hankin, and L. N. Kolonel Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Overweight Status among 5 Ethnic Groups in the Multiethnic Cohort Study J. Nutr., August 1, 2006; 136(8): 2243 - 2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H Ledikwe, H. M Blanck, L. Kettel Khan, M. K Serdula, J. D Seymour, B. C Tohill, and B. J Rolls Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1362 - 1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Maffeis, R. C Bonadonna, A. Consolaro, R. Vettor, C. Banzato, D. Silvagni, G. Bogoni, M. Pellegrino, and L. Tato Ghrelin, insulin sensitivity and postprandial glucose disposal in overweight and obese children Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2006; 154(1): 61 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R J. Stubbs, D. A Hughes, A. M Johnstone, G. W Horgan, N. King, and J. E Blundell A decrease in physical activity affects appetite, energy, and nutrient balance in lean men feeding ad libitum Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2004; 79(1): 62 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Raben, L. Agerholm-Larsen, A. Flint, J. J Holst, and A. Astrup Meals with similar energy densities but rich in protein, fat, carbohydrate, or alcohol have different effects on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism but not on appetite and energy intake Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 91 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. A Bray, J. C Lovejoy, M. Most-Windhauser, S. R Smith, J. Volaufova, Y. Denkins, L. de Jonge, J. Rood, M. Lefevre, A. L Eldridge, et al. A 9-mo randomized clinical trial comparing fat-substituted and fat-reduced diets in healthy obese men: the Ole Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2002; 76(5): 928 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Roy, M. M. Most, A. Sparti, J. C. Lovejoy, J. Volaufova, J. C. Peters, and G. A. Bray Effect on Body Weight of Replacing Dietary Fat with Olestra for Two or Ten Weeks in Healthy Men and Women J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2002; 21(3): 259 - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. D Poppitt, G. F Keogh, A. M Prentice, D. E. Williams, H. M. Sonnemans, E. E. Valk, E. Robinson, and N. J Wareham Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2002; 75(1): 11 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. A Bell and B. J Rolls Energy density of foods affects energy intake across multiple levels of fat content in lean and obese women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73(6): 1010 - 1018. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Peters and P. Slovic The Springs of Action: Affective and Analytical Information Processing in Choice Pers Soc Psychol Bull, December 1, 2000; 26(12): 1465 - 1475. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. M McDevitt, S. D Poppitt, P. R Murgatroyd, and A. M Prentice Macronutrient disposal during controlled overfeeding with glucose, fructose, sucrose, or fat in lean and obese women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 369 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. B Tsihlias, A. L Gibbs, M. I McBurney, and T. M. Wolever Comparison of high- and low-glycemic-index breakfast cereals with monounsaturated fat in the long-term dietary management of type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 439 - 449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Rolls The Role of Energy Density in the Overconsumption of Fat J. Nutr., February 1, 2000; 130(2): 268 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. J Rolls, E. A Bell, and M. L Thorwart Water incorporated into a food but not served with a food decreases energy intake in lean women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 1999; 70(4): 448 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J Rolls, E. A Bell, V. H Castellanos, M. Chow, C. L Pelkman, and M. L Thorwart Energy density but not fat content of foods affected energy intake in lean and obese women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 1999; 69(5): 863 - 871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Jequier and L. Tappy Regulation of Body Weight in Humans Physiol Rev, April 1, 1999; 79(2): 451 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Toubro and A. Astrup Randomised comparison of diets for maintaining obese subjects' weight after major weight loss: ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate dietv fixed energy intake BMJ, January 4, 1997; 314(7073): 29 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text]