| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 62, 1315S-1321S, Copyright © 1995 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
REVIEW ARTICLES |
H Sies and W Stahl
Institut fur Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine Universitat Dusseldorf, Germany.
Tocopherols and tocotrienols (vitamin E), ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the carotenoids react with free radicals, notably peroxyl radicals, and with singlet molecular oxygen (1O2), which is the basis for their function as antioxidants. RRR-alpha-Tocopherol is the major peroxyl radical scavenger in biological lipid phases such as membranes or low- density lipoproteins. Ascorbic acid is present in aqueous compartments (eg, cytosol, plasma, and other body fluids) and can reduce the tocopherol radical; it also has several metabolically important cofactor functions in enzyme reactions, especially hydroxylations. These micronutrients need to be regenerated on oxidation in the biological setting, hence the need for further coupling to nonradical reducing systems such as glutathione-glutathione disulfide, dihydrolipoate-lipoate, or NADPH-NADP+ and NADH-NAD+. Carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, and some oxycarotenoids, eg, zeaxanthin and lutein, exert antioxidant functions in lipid phases by quenching 1O2 or free radicals. There are pronounced differences in tissue carotenoid patterns, extending also to the distribution between the all-trans and various cis isomers of the respective carotenoids. Physical quenching leaves the structure intact, so that in this mode the carotenoids do not require a regeneration reaction.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. J. Kavanaugh, P. R. Trumbo, and K. C. Ellwood The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Evidence-Based Review for Qualified Health Claims: Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 18, 2007; 99(14): 1074 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Canoy, N. Wareham, A. Welch, S. Bingham, R. Luben, N. Day, and K.-T. Khaw Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and fat distribution in 19 068 British men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Norfolk cohort study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1203 - 1209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Giovannucci Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer: A Review of the Epidemiological Literature J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 2030S - 2031S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nishimukai and H. Hara Enteral Administration of Soybean Phosphatidylcholine Enhances the Lymphatic Absorption of Lycopene, but Reduces That of {alpha}-Tocopherol in Rats J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 1862 - 1866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Madebo, B. Lindtjorn, P. Aukrust, and R. K Berge Circulating antioxidants and lipid peroxidation products in untreated tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2003; 78(1): 117 - 122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rubowitz, E. I. Assia, M. Rosner, and M. Topaz Antioxidant Protection against Corneal Damage by Free Radicals during Phacoemulsification Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2003; 44(5): 1866 - 1870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Giovannucci A Review of Epidemiologic Studies of Tomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2002; 227(10): 852 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Toyoda, L. R. Thomson, A. Langner, N. E. Craft, K. M. Garnett, C. R. Nichols, K. M. Cheng, and C. K. Dorey Effect of Dietary Zeaxanthin on Tissue Distribution of Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Quail Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2002; 43(4): 1210 - 1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Giovannucci, E. B. Rimm, Y. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett A Prospective Study of Tomato Products, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer Risk J Natl Cancer Inst, March 6, 2002; 94(5): 391 - 398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Schunemann, S. McCann, B. J. B. Grant, M. Trevisan, P. Muti, and J. L. Freudenheim Lung Function in Relation to Intake of Carotenoids and Other Antioxidant Vitamins in a Population-based Study Am. J. Epidemiol., March 1, 2002; 155(5): 463 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Alaluf, U. Heinrich, W. Stahl, H. Tronnier, and S. Wiseman Dietary Carotenoids Contribute to Normal Human Skin Color and UV Photosensitivity J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 399 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. L. Halvorsen, K. Holte, M. C. W. Myhrstad, I. Barikmo, E. Hvattum, S. F. Remberg, A.-B. Wold, K. Haffner, H. Baugerod, L. F. Andersen, et al. A Systematic Screening of Total Antioxidants in Dietary Plants J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 461 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Shite, F. Qin, W. Mao, H. Kawai, S. Y. Stevens, and C.-s. Liang Antioxidant vitamins attenuate oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction in tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2001; 38(6): 1734 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, S. Wiseman, O. Eichler, H. Sies, and H. Tronnier Dietary Tomato Paste Protects against Ultraviolet Light-Induced Erythema in Humans J. Nutr., May 1, 2001; 131(5): 1449 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. SCHÜNEMANN, B. J. B. GRANT, J. L. FREUDENHEIM, P. MUTI, R. W. BROWNE, J. A. DRAKE, R. A. KLOCKE, and M. TREVISAN The Relation of Serum Levels of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E, Retinol and Carotenoids with Pulmonary Function in the General Population Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., April 1, 2001; 163(5): 1246 - 1255. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A Yochum, A. R Folsom, and L. H Kushi Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 476 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Roodenburg, R. Leenen, K. H van het Hof, J. A Weststrate, and L. B. Tijburg Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of {alpha}-carotene, {beta}-carotene, and vitamin E in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2000; 71(5): 1187 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Palozza, G. Calviello, M. Emilia De Leo, S. Serini, and G. M. Bartoli Canthaxanthin Supplementation Alters Antioxidant Enzymes and Iron Concentration in Liver of Balb/c Mice J. Nutr., May 1, 2000; 130(5): 1303 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, H. Jungmann, H. Sies, and H. Tronnier Carotenoids and carotenoids plus vitamin E protect against ultraviolet light-induced erythema in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 795 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H van het Hof, I. A Brouwer, C. E West, E. Haddeman, R. P. Steegers-Theunissen, M. van Dusseldorp, J. A Weststrate, T. K. Eskes, and J. G. Hautvast Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than that of {beta}-carotene Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 1999; 70(2): 261 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. M. Castenmiller, C. E. West, J. P. H. Linssen, K. H. van het Hof, and A. G. J. Voragen The Food Matrix of Spinach Is a Limiting Factor in Determining the Bioavailability of ß-Carotene and to a Lesser Extent of Lutein in Humans J. Nutr., February 1, 1999; 129(2): 349 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Stahl, U. Heinrich, H. Jungmann, J. von Laar, M. Schietzel, H. Sies, and H. Tronnier Increased Dermal Carotenoid Levels Assessed by Noninvasive Reflection Spectrophotometry Correlate with Serum Levels in Women Ingesting Betatene J. Nutr., May 1, 1998; 128(5): 903 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
