| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 65, 1645S-1654S, Copyright © 1997 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
REVIEW ARTICLES |
WS Harris
Metabolism and Vascular Research Laboratory, Mid America Heart Institute, St Luke's Hospital, Kansas City, MO 64111, USA. wharris@saint-lukes.org
The effects of n-3 fatty acids from fish oils (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) and plant oils (alpha-linolenic acid) on human serum lipids and lipoproteins are reviewed. Studies were included in this review if they were placebo-controlled, crossover, or parallel design studies providing < 7 g n-3 fatty acids/d and with treatment periods of > or = 2 wk duration. Only three studies were available for evaluation of the effects of alpha-linolenic acid on serum lipid concentrations. From these studies it appeared that alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) was equivalent to n-6-rich oils vis-vis lipid and lipoprotein effects. Only when very large amounts of flaxseed oil were fed did the hallmark effect of marine n-3 fatty acids-reduced triacylglycerol concentrations-appear. Thus, in terms of effects on lipoprotein metabolism, the plant-derived n-3 fatty acid is not equivalent to the marine-based acids. More studies using the marine- based acids were examined and summarized. Both crossover (n = 36) and parallel (n = 29) design studies reached the same conclusions: total cholesterol is not materially affected by n-3 fatty acid consumption, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations tend to rise by 5- 10% and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol by 1-3%, and serum triacylglycerol concentrations decrease by 25-30%. These effects of marine n-3 fatty acids are now well-established; what remains is to determine the mechanisms behind these effects and, more importantly, their health consequences.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. M Malinowski and K. Metka Elevation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration with Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Supplementation Ann. Pharmacother., July 1, 2007; 41(7): 1296 - 1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M Hill, J. D Buckley, K. J Murphy, and P. R. Howe Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1267 - 1274. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. van Gelder, M. Tijhuis, S. Kalmijn, and D. Kromhout Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 1142 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L Zock Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism--pivot or puzzle? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2007; 85(2): 331 - 332. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Vanschoonbeek, M. A. H. Feijge, W. H. M. Saris, M. P. M. de Maat, and J. W. M. Heemskerk Plasma Triacylglycerol and Coagulation Factor Concentrations Predict the Anticoagulant Effect of Dietary Fish Oil in Overweight Subjects J. Nutr., January 1, 2007; 137(1): 7 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D Griffin, T. A. Sanders, I. G Davies, L. M Morgan, D J. Millward, F. Lewis, S. Slaughter, J. A Cooper, G. J Miller, and B. A Griffin Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1290 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Cao, K. A. Schwichtenberg, N. Q. Hanson, and M. Y. Tsai Incorporation and Clearance of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membranes and Plasma Phospholipids Clin. Chem., December 1, 2006; 52(12): 2265 - 2272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. C. Dupasquier, A.-M. Weber, B. P. Ander, P. P. Rampersad, S. Steigerwald, J. T. Wigle, R. W. Mitchell, E. A. Kroeger, J. S. C. Gilchrist, M. M. Moghadasian, et al. Effects of dietary flaxseed on vascular contractile function and atherosclerosis during prolonged hypercholesterolemia in rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): H2987 - H2996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K Nies, A. A Cymbala, S. L Kasten, D. G Lamprecht, and K. L Olson Complementary and Alternative Therapies for the Management of Dyslipidemia Ann. Pharmacother., November 1, 2006; 40(11): 1984 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mozaffarian and E. B. Rimm Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, October 18, 2006; 296(15): 1885 - 1899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A. Sanders, F. Lewis, S. Slaughter, B. A Griffin, M. Griffin, I. Davies, D J. Millward, J. A Cooper, and G. J Miller Effect of varying the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids by increasing the dietary intake of {alpha}-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid, or both on fibrinogen and clotting factors VII and XII in persons aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 513 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C Chan, G. F Watts, M. N Nguyen, and P H. R Barrett Factorial study of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation and atorvastatin on the kinetics of HDL apolipoproteins A-I and A-II in men with abdominal obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 37 - 43. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L Breslow n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): S1477 - 1482S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. N. Pejic and D. T. Lee Hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Board Fam Med, May 1, 2006; 19(3): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Nalsen, B. Vessby, L. Berglund, M. Uusitupa, K. Hermansen, G. Riccardi, A. Rivellese, L. Storlien, A. Erkkila, S. Yla-Herttuala, et al. Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids Reduce Plasma F2-Isoprostanes but Not Prostaglandin F2{alpha} in Healthy Humans J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1222 - 1228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Friedman and S. Moe Review of the Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation in Dialysis Patients Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2006; 1(2): 182 - 192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Itskowitz, J. L. Pollock, M. B. Katan, Y. Xie, N. O. Davidson, D. Ashen, and R. S. Blumenthal Low HDL cholesterol levels. N. Engl. J. Med., January 26, 2006; 354(4): 417 - 419. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. L. Goyens and R. P. Mensink The Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid to Linoleic Acid Ratio Does Not Affect the Serum Lipoprotein Profile in Humans J. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 135(12): 2799 - 2804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. C. Maki, M. E. Van Elswyk, D. McCarthy, S. P. Hess, P. E. Veith, M. Bell, P. Subbaiah, and M. H. Davidson Lipid Responses to a Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplement in Men and Women with Below Average Levels of High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2005; 24(3): 189 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Tai, D. Corella, S. Demissie, L. A. Cupples, O. Coltell, E. J. Schaefer, K. L. Tucker, and J. M. Ordovas Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Interact with the PPARA-L162V Polymorphism to Affect Plasma Triglyceride and Apolipoprotein C-III Concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 397 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-F. Wong, J. G Jakowatz, and R. Taheri Management of Hypertriglyceridemia in Patients Receiving Interferon for Malignant Melanoma Ann. Pharmacother., October 1, 2004; 38(10): 1655 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Erkkila, A. H Lichtenstein, D. Mozaffarian, and D. M Herrington Fish intake is associated with a reduced progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 626 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Vanschoonbeek, M. A.H. Feijge, M. Paquay, J. Rosing, W. Saris, C. Kluft, P. L.A. Giesen, M. P.M. de Maat, and J. W.M. Heemskerk Variable Hypocoagulant Effect of Fish Oil Intake in Humans: Modulation of Fibrinogen Level and Thrombin Generation Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2004; 24(9): 1734 - 1740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C Larsson, M. Kumlin, M. Ingelman-Sundberg, and A. Wolk Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 935 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Lovegrove, S. S Lovegrove, S. V. Lesauvage, L. M Brady, N. Saini, A. M Minihane, and C. M Williams Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 974 - 982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Surette, M. Edens, F. H. Chilton, and K. M. Tramposch Dietary Echium Oil Increases Plasma and Neutrophil Long-Chain (n-3) Fatty Acids and Lowers Serum Triacylglycerols in Hypertriglyceridemic Humans J. Nutr., June 1, 2004; 134(6): 1406 - 1411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. E Theobald, P. J Chowienczyk, R. Whittall, S. E Humphries, and T. A. Sanders LDL cholesterol-raising effect of low-dose docosahexaenoic acid in middle-aged men and women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 558 - 563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse, S. C Hunt, D. K Arnett, M. A Province, J. H Eckfeldt, and R C. Ellison Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with plasma triacylglycerol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2003; 78(6): 1098 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Erkkila, S. Lehto, K. Pyorala, and M. I. Uusitupa n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2003; 78(1): 65 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-P. St-Onge, B. Lamarche, J.-F. Mauger, and P. J. H. Jones Consumption of a Functional Oil Rich in Phytosterols and Medium-Chain Triglyceride Oil Improves Plasma Lipid Profiles in Men J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1815 - 1820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P Mensink, P. L Zock, A. D. Kester, and M. B Katan Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2003; 77(5): 1146 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Demonty, Y. Deshaies, B. Lamarche, and H. Jacques Cod Protein Lowers the Hepatic Triglyceride Secretion Rate in Rats J. Nutr., May 1, 2003; 133(5): 1398 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. E Finnegan, A. M Minihane, E. C Leigh-Firbank, S. Kew, G. W Meijer, R. Muggli, P. C Calder, and C. M Williams Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2003; 77(4): 783 - 795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Vanschoonbeek, M. P. M. de Maat, and J. W. M. Heemskerk Fish Oil Consumption and Reduction of Arterial Disease J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 657 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Hatahet, L. Cole, B. J. Kudchodkar, and T. V. Fungwe Dietary Fats Differentially Modulate the Expression of Lecithin:Cholesterol Acyltransferase, Apoprotein-A1 and Scavenger Receptor B1 in Rats J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 689 - 694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C Chan, G. F Watts, T. A Mori, P H. R Barrett, T. G Redgrave, and L. J Beilin Randomized controlled trial of the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 and chylomicron remnants in men with visceral obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2003; 77(2): 300 - 307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel, and for the Nutrition Committee Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(2): e20 - 30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Laidlaw and B. J Holub Effects of supplementation with fish oil-derived n-3 fatty acids and {gamma}-linolenic acid on circulating plasma lipids and fatty acid profiles in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 37 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lu, N. Bankovic-Calic, M. Ogborn, M. H. Saboorian, and H. M. Aukema Detrimental Effects of a High Fat Diet in Early Renal Injury Are Ameliorated by Fish Oil in Han:SPRD-cy Rats J. Nutr., January 1, 2003; 133(1): 180 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Chan, G. F. Watts, P. H. R. Barrett, L. J. Beilin, and T. A. Mori Effect of Atorvastatin and Fish Oil on Plasma High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentrations in Individuals with Visceral Obesity Clin. Chem., June 1, 2002; 48(6): 877 - 883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Madsen, M. Guerre-Millo, E. N. Flindt, K. Berge, K. J. Tronstad, E. Bergene, E. Sebokova, A. C. Rustan, J. Jensen, S. Mandrup, et al. Tetradecylthioacetic acid prevents high fat diet induced adiposity and insulin resistance J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2002; 43(5): 742 - 750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. B. Feldman The Scientific Evidence for a Beneficial Health Relationship Between Walnuts and Coronary Heart Disease J. Nutr., May 1, 2002; 132(5): 1062S - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. B. Jump The Biochemistry of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids J. Biol. Chem., March 8, 2002; 277(11): 8755 - 8758. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J Schaefer Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2002; 75(2): 191 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Mabile, A. Piolot, L. Boulet, L.-J. Fortin, N. Doyle, C. Rodriguez, J. Davignon, D. Blache, and S. Lussier-Cacan Moderate intake of n-3 fatty acids is associated with stable erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress in hypertriglyceridemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 449 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M Oomen, M. C Ocke, E. J. Feskens, F. J Kok, and D. Kromhout {alpha}-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 457 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. U Almario, V. Vonghavaravat, R. Wong, and S. E Kasim-Karakas Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2001; 74(1): 72 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Marchioli Treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-prevenzione trial Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_D): D85 - D97. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Holm, A.K Andreassen, P Aukrust, K Andersen, O.R Geiran, J Kjekshus, S Simonsen, and L Gullestad Omega-3 fatty acids improve blood pressure control and preserve renal function in hypertensive heart transplant recipients Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2001; 22(5): 428 - 436. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Asset, E. Bauge, J. C. Fruchart, and J. Dallongeville Lack of Triglyceride-Lowering Properties of Fish Oil in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2001; 21(3): 401 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 132 - 146. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2751 - 2766. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2284 - 2299. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. D Stark, E. J Park, V. A Maines, and B. J Holub Effect of a fish-oil concentrate on serum lipids in postmenopausal women receiving and not receiving hormone replacement therapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2000; 72(2): 389 - 394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Minihane, S. Khan, E. C. Leigh-Firbank, P. Talmud, J. W. Wright, M. C. Murphy, B. A. Griffin, and C. M. Williams ApoE Polymorphism and Fish Oil Supplementation in Subjects With an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2000; 20(8): 1990 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Volek, A. L. Gomez, and W. J. Kraemer Fasting Lipoprotein and Postprandial Triacylglycerol Responses to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2000; 19(3): 383 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B Grant Fish consumption, cancer, and Alzheimer disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2000; 71(2): 599 - 599. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Christensen, M. S. Christensen, J. Dyerberg, and E. B. Schmidt Heart rate variability and fatty acid content of blood cell membranes: a dose-response study with n-3 fatty acids Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 331 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Anderson and T. J. Hanna Impact of Nondigestible Carbohydrates on Serum Lipoproteins and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease J. Nutr., July 1, 1999; 129(7): 1457 - 1457. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. von Schacky, P. Angerer, W. Kothny, K. Theisen, and H. Mudra The Effect of Dietary {omega}-3 Fatty Acids on Coronary Atherosclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Ann Intern Med, April 6, 1999; 130(7): 554 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
