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Original Research Communications |
Background: The effects of dietary soluble fibers on blood cholesterol are uncertain.
Objective: This meta-analysis of 67 controlled trials was performed to quantify the cholesterol-lowering effect of major dietary fibers.
Design: Least-squares regression analyses were used to test the effect on blood lipids of pectin, oat bran, guar gum, and psyllium. Independent variables were type and amount of soluble fiber, initial cholesterol concentration, and other important study characteristics.
Results: Soluble fiber, 2–10 g/d, was associated with small but significant decreases in total cholesterol [-0.045 mmol
L-1g soluble fiber-1 (95% CI: -0.054, -0.035)] and LDL cholesterol [-0.057 mmolL-1g-1 (95% CI: -0.070, -0.044)]. The effects on plasma lipids of soluble fiber from oat, psyllium, or pectin were not significantly different. We were unable to compare effects of guar because of the limited number of studies using 2–10 g/d. Triacylglycerols and HDL cholesterol were not significantly influenced by soluble fiber. Lipid changes were independent of study design, treatment length, and background dietary fat content.
Conclusions: Various soluble fibers reduce total and LDL cholesterol by similar amounts. The effect is small within the practical range of intake. For example, 3 g soluble fiber from oats (3 servings of oatmeal, 28 g each) can decrease total and LDL cholesterol by <0.13 mmol/L. Increasing soluble fiber can make only a small contribution to dietary therapy to lower cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:30–42.
Key Words: Meta-analysis • humans • controlled trials • total cholesterol • low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol • LDL cholesterol • high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol • HDL cholesterol • triacylglycerols • dose response • fiber
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A. Jula, J. Marniemi, R. Huupponen, A. Virtanen, M. Rastas, and T. Ronnemaa Effects of Diet and Simvastatin on Serum Lipids, Insulin, and Antioxidants in Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, February 6, 2002; 287(5): 598 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Liu, J. E. Buring, H. D. Sesso, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett, and J. E. Manson A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2002; 39(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. D. Rosamond Dietary fiber and prevention of cardiovascular disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 2, 2002; 39(1): 57 - 59. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Franz, J. P. Bantle, C. A. Beebe, J. D. Brunzell, J.-L. Chiasson, A. Garg, L. A. Holzmeister, B. Hoogwerf, E. Mayer-Davis, A. D. Mooradian, et al. Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications Diabetes Care, January 1, 2002; 25(1): 148 - 198. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hoey Clinical nutrition: a new series Can. Med. Assoc. J., November 1, 2001; 165(10): 1343 - 1343. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Vega-Lopez, R. L. Vidal-Quintanar, and M. L. Fernandez Sex and hormonal status influence plasma lipid responses to psyllium Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 435 - 441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Vuksan, J. L. Sievenpiper, Z. Xu, E. Y. Y. Wong, A. L. Jenkins, U. Beljan-Zdravkovic, L. A. Leiter, R. G. Josse, and M. P. Stavro Konjac-Mannan and American Ginsing: Emerging Alternative Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2001; 20(90005): 370S - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. Obarzanek, F. M Sacks, W. M Vollmer, G. A Bray, E. R Miller III, P.-H. Lin, N. M Karanja, M. M Most-Windhauser, T. J Moore, J. F Swain, et al. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2001; 74(1): 80 - 89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Bourdon, B. Olson, R. Backus, B. D. Richter, P. A. Davis, and B. O. Schneeman Beans, as a Source of Dietary Fiber, Increase Cholecystokinin and Apolipoprotein B48 Response to Test Meals in Men J. Nutr., May 1, 2001; 131(5): 1485 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 132 - 146. [Full Text]
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 R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2751 - 2766. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Deming, A. C. Boileau, C. M. Lee, and J. W. Erdman Jr. Amount of Dietary Fat and Type of Soluble Fiber Independently Modulate Postabsorptive Conversion of {beta}-Carotene to Vitamin A in Mongolian Gerbils J. Nutr., November 1, 2000; 130(11): 2789 - 2796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2284 - 2299. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Anderson, E. C. Konz, and D. J. A. Jenkins Health Advantages and Disadvantages of Weight-Reducing Diets: A Computer Analysis and Critical Review J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2000; 19(5): 578 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. E. Patterson, A. R. Kristal, J. C. Peters, M. L. Neuhouser, C. L. Rock, L. J. Cheskin, D. Neumark-Sztainer, and M. D. Thornquist Changes in Diet, Weight, and Serum Lipid Levels Associated With Olestra Consumption Arch Intern Med, September 25, 2000; 160(17): 2600 - 2604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A Lovegrove, A. Clohessy, H. Milon, and C. M Williams Modest doses of {beta}-glucan do not reduce concentrations of potentially atherogenic lipoproteins Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2000; 72(1): 49 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Chandalia, A. Garg, D. Lutjohann, K. von Bergmann, S. M. Grundy, and L. J. Brinkley Beneficial Effects of High Dietary Fiber Intake in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus N. Engl. J. Med., May 11, 2000; 342(19): 1392 - 1398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. A. Smith-Warner, P. J. Elmer, T. M. Tharp, L. Fosdick, B. Randall, M. Gross, J. Wood, and J. D. Potter Increasing Vegetable and Fruit Intake: Randomized Intervention and Monitoring in an At-Risk Population Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., March 1, 2000; 9(3): 307 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. Sandström, S. Bügel, B. A. McGaw, J. Price, and M. D. Reid A High Oat-Bran Intake Does Not Impair Zinc Absorption in Humans When Added to a Low-Fiber Animal Protein-Based Diet J. Nutr., March 1, 2000; 130(3): 594 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Roy, S. Vega-Lopez, and M. L. Fernandez Gender and Hormonal Status Affect the Hypolipidemic Mechanisms of Dietary Soluble Fiber in Guinea Pigs J. Nutr., March 1, 2000; 130(3): 600 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. J. Jenkins, C. W. Kendall, and V. Vuksan Viscous fibers, health claims, and strategies to reduce cardiovascular disease risk1 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2000; 71(2): 401 - 402. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. J.A. Jenkins and C. W.C. Kendall Plant Sterols, Health Claims and Strategies to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 1999; 18(6): 559 - 562. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A S. Truswell Meta-analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 1999; 70(5): 942 - 943. [Full Text]
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L. Brown, B. Rosner, W. Willett, and F. M Sacks Reply to AS Truswell Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 1999; 70(5): 943 - 943. [Full Text]
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