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Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire^1,2,3

Background: Recently, the analysis of dietary patterns has emerged as a possible approach to examining diet-disease relations.

Objective: We examined the reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns defined by factor analysis using dietary data collected with a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ).

Design: We enrolled a subsample of men (n = 127) from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in a diet-validation study in 1986. A 131-item FFQ was administered twice, 1 y apart, and two 1-wk diet records and blood samples were collected during this 1-y interval.

Results: Using factor analysis, we identified 2 major eating patterns, which were qualitatively similar across the 2 FFQs and the diet records. The first factor, the prudent dietary pattern, was characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, and fish and other seafood, whereas the second factor, the Western pattern, was characterized by a high intake of processed meat, red meat, butter, high-fat dairy products, eggs, and refined grains. The reliability correlations for the factor scores between the 2 FFQs were 0.70 for the prudent pattern and 0.67 for the Western pattern. The correlations (corrected for week-to-week variation in diet records) between the 2 FFQs and diet records ranged from 0.45 to 0.74 for the 2 patterns. In addition, the correlations between the factor scores and nutrient intakes and plasma concentrations of biomarkers were in the expected direction.

Conclusions: These data indicate reasonable reproducibility and validity of the major dietary patterns defined by factor analysis with data from an FFQ.

Key Words: Diet • dietary pattern • factor analysis • biomarker • reproducibility • validity • men • Health Professionals Follow-up Study • food-frequency questionnaire

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				E. K. Kabagambe, A. Baylin, D. A. Allan, X. Siles, D. Spiegelman, and H. Campos Application of the Method of Triads to Evaluate the Performance of Food Frequency Questionnaires and Biomarkers as Indicators of Long-term Dietary Intake Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2001; 154(12): 1126 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				M. Nakamura, G. Whitlock, N. Aoki, T. Nakashima, T. Hoshino, T. Yokoyama, S. Morioka, T. Kawamura, H. Tanaka, T. Hashimoto, et al. Japanese and Western diet and risk of idiopathic sudden deafness: a case-control study using pooled controls Int. J. Epidemiol., June 1, 2001; 30(3): 608 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tanskanen, J. R. Hibbeln, J. Tuomilehto, A. Uutela, A. Haukkala, H. Viinamaki, J. Lehtonen, and E. Vartiainen Fish Consumption and Depressive Symptoms in the General Population in Finland Psychiatr Serv, April 1, 2001; 52(4): 529 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, K. M. Rexrode, F. B. Hu, E. B. Rimm, and W. C. Willett Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Women: A Prospective Study JAMA, September 27, 2000; 284(12): 1534 - 1540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L Weinsier and C. L Krumdieck Dairy foods and bone health: examination of the evidence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2000; 72(3): 681 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R. White, H. Petrovitch, G. W. Ross, K. Masaki, J. Hardman, J. Nelson, D. Davis, and W. Markesbery Brain Aging and Midlife Tofu Consumption J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2000; 19(2): 242 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. B Hu and W. Willett Reply to TC Campbell Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 850 - 851. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Tseng Validation of dietary patterns assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 422 - 422. [Full Text]

				F. B Hu and W. C Willett Reply to M Tseng Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 1999; 70(3): 422A - 422. [Full Text]