HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Nesbitt, P. D Articles by Thompson, L. U Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Nesbitt, P. D Articles by Thompson, L. U Agricola Articles by Nesbitt, P. D Articles by Thompson, L. U

Human metabolism of mammalian lignan precursors in raw and processed flaxseed^1,2,3

Background: The mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol are produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on the plant precursor secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, which is found in high concentrations in flaxseed.

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) whether there is a dose response in urinary lignan excretion with increasing flaxseed intake, 2) whether flaxseed processing affects lignan excretion, 3) peak plasma lignan concentrations, and 4) plasma lignan concentrations after chronic supplementation.

Design: Nine healthy young women supplemented their diets with 5, 15, or 25 g raw or 25 g processed (muffin or bread) flaxseed for 7 d during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. Twenty-four–hour urine samples were collected at baseline and on the final day of supplementation. As an adjunct to the 25-g-flaxseed arm, subjects consumed the supplement for an additional day and blood and urine samples were collected at specific intervals. All blood and urine samples were analyzed for enterolactone and enterodiol by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy.

Results: A dose-dependent urinary lignan response to raw flaxseed was observed (r = 0.72, P 0.001). The processing of flaxseed as a muffin or bread did not affect the quantity of lignan excretion. Plasma lignan concentrations were greater (P 0.05) than baseline by 9 h after flaxseed ingestion (29.35 ± 3.69 and 51.75 ± 7.49 nmol/L, respectively). The total plasma area under the curve was higher on the eighth than on the first day (1840.15 ± 343.02 and 1027.15 ± 95.71 nmolh/L, respectively).

Conclusion: Mammalian lignan production from flaxseed precursors is dependent on time and dose but not on processing.

Key Words: Flaxseed • lignans • enterodiol • enterolactone • urine • plasma • dose response • humans • metabolism • secoisolariciresinol diglycoside

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. C. Lee, F. Bhora, J. Sun, G. Cheng, E. Arguiri, C. C. Solomides, S. Chatterjee, and M. Christofidou-Solomidou Dietary flaxseed enhances antioxidant defenses and is protective in a mouse model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): L255 - L265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. French, L. U. Thompson, and G. A. Hawker Validation of a Phytoestrogen Food Frequency Questionnaire with Urinary Concentrations of Isoflavones and Lignan Metabolites in Premenopausal Women J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 26(1): 76 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Atkinson, J. W Lampe, D. Scholes, C. Chen, K. Wahala, and S. M Schwartz Lignan and isoflavone excretion in relation to uterine fibroids: a case-control study of young to middle-aged women in the United States. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 587 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hallund, I. Tetens, S. Bugel, T. Tholstrup, M. Ferrari, T. Teerlink, A. Kjaer, and N. Wiinberg Daily Consumption for Six Weeks of a Lignan Complex Isolated from Flaxseed Does Not Affect Endothelial Function in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., September 1, 2006; 136(9): 2314 - 2318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Kinniry, Y. Amrani, A. Vachani, C. C. Solomides, E. Arguiri, A. Workman, J. Carter, and M. Christofidou-Solomidou Dietary Flaxseed Supplementation Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Tissue Damage in Experimental Models of Acute Lung Injury in Mice J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1545 - 1551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Liu, N. M. Saarinen, and L. U. Thompson Sesamin Is One of the Major Precursors of Mammalian Lignans in Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum) as Observed In Vitro and in Rats J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 906 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Hallund, G. Ravn-Haren, S. Bugel, T. Tholstrup, and I. Tetens A Lignan Complex Isolated from Flaxseed Does Not Affect Plasma Lipid Concentrations or Antioxidant Capacity in Healthy Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 112 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kuijsten, I. C. W. Arts, P. van't Veer, and P. C. H. Hollman The Relative Bioavailability of Enterolignans in Humans Is Enhanced by Milling and Crushing of Flaxseed J. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 135(12): 2812 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Clavel, G. Henderson, C.-A. Alpert, C. Philippe, L. Rigottier-Gois, J. Dore, and M. Blaut Intestinal Bacterial Communities That Produce Active Estrogen-Like Compounds Enterodiol and Enterolactone in Humans Appl. Envir. Microbiol., October 1, 2005; 71(10): 6077 - 6085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. U. Thompson, J. M. Chen, T. Li, K. Strasser-Weippl, and P. E. Goss Dietary Flaxseed Alters Tumor Biological Markers in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 11(10): 3828 - 3835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Penalvo, S.-M. Heinonen, A.-M. Aura, and H. Adlercreutz Dietary Sesamin Is Converted to Enterolactone in Humans J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1056 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kuijsten, I. C. W. Arts, T. B. Vree, and P. C. H. Hollman Pharmacokinetics of Enterolignans in Healthy Men and Women Consuming a Single Dose of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside J. Nutr., April 1, 2005; 135(4): 795 - 801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. C. Arts and P. C. Hollman Polyphenols and disease risk in epidemiologic studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 317S - 325S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Bhakta, I. dos Santos Silva, C. Higgins, L. Sevak, T. Kassam-Khamis, P. Mangtani, H. Adlercreutz, and A. McMichael A Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire Is a Valid Indicator of the Usual Intake of Phytoestrogens by South Asian Women in the UK Relative to Multiple 24-h Dietary Recalls and Multiple Plasma Samples J. Nutr., January 1, 2005; 135(1): 116 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. F. Johnsen, H. Hausner, A. Olsen, I. Tetens, J. Christensen, K. E. B. Knudsen, K. Overvad, and A. Tjonneland Intake of Whole Grains and Vegetables Determines the Plasma Enterolactone Concentration of Danish Women J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2691 - 2697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Manach, A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Remesy, and L. Jimenez Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 727 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Hausner, N. F. Johnsen, J. Hallund, and I. Tetens A Single Measurement Is Inadequate to Estimate Enterolactone Levels in Danish Postmenopausal Women Due to Large Intraindividual Variation J. Nutr., May 1, 2004; 134(5): 1197 - 1200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. Frische, A. M. Hutchins, M. C. Martini, W. Thomas, and J. L. Slavin Effect of Flaxseed and Wheat Bran on Serum Hormones and Lignan Excretion in Premenopausal Women J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2003; 22(6): 550 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Vanharanta, S. Voutilainen, T. H. Rissanen, H. Adlercreutz, and J. T. Salonen Risk of Cardiovascular Disease-Related and All-Cause Death According to Serum Concentrations of Enterolactone: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2003; 163(9): 1099 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. W. Lampe Isoflavonoid and Lignan Phytoestrogens as Dietary Biomarkers J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 956S - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. K. Horner, A. R. Kristal, J. Prunty, H. E. Skor, J. D. Potter, and J. W. Lampe Dietary Determinants of Plasma Enterolactone Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2002; 11(1): 121 - 126. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Kilkkinen, K. Stumpf, P. Pietinen, L. M Valsta, H. Tapanainen, and H. Adlercreutz Determinants of serum enterolactone concentration Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73(6): 1094 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Stumpf, P. Pietinen, P. Puska, and H. Adlercreutz Changes in Serum Enterolactone, Genistein, and Daidzein in a Dietary Intervention Study in Finland Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2000; 9(12): 1369 - 1372. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. M. Hutchins, M. C. Martini, B. A. Olson, W. Thomas, and J. L. Slavin Flaxseed Influences Urinary Lignan Excretion in a Dose-dependent Manner in Postmenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2000; 9(10): 1113 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. E. Rickard and L. U. Thompson Urinary Composition and Postprandial Blood Changes in H-Secoisolariciresinol Diglycoside (SDG) Metabolites in Rats Do Not Differ between Acute and Chronic SDG Treatments J. Nutr., September 1, 2000; 130(9): 2299 - 2305. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Scalbert and G. Williamson Dietary Intake and Bioavailability of Polyphenols J. Nutr., August 1, 2000; 130(8): 2073S - 2085. [Abstract] [Full Text]