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Original Research Communications |
-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women1,2,3
Background: Experimental studies in laboratory animals and humans suggest that 
-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) may reduce the risk of arrhythmia.
Objective: The objective was to examine the association between dietary intake of -linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD).
Design: This was a prospective cohort study. The intake of -linolenic acid was derived from a 116-item food-frequency questionnaire completed in 1984 by 76283 women without previously diagnosed cancer or cardiovascular disease.
Results: During 10 y of follow-up, we documented 232 cases of fatal IHD and 597 cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction. After adjustment for age, standard coronary risk factors, and dietary intake of linoleic acid and other nutrients, a higher intake of -linolenic acid was associated with a lower relative risk (RR) of fatal IHD; the RRs from the lowest to highest quintiles were 1.0, 0.99, 0.90, 0.67, and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.94; P for trend = 0.01). For nonfatal myocardial infarction there was only a modest, nonsignificant trend toward a reduced risk when extreme quintiles were compared (RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.61, 1.19; P for trend = 0.50). A higher intake of oil and vinegar salad dressing, an important source of -linolenic acid, was associated with reduced risk of fatal IHD when women who consumed this food 
5–6 times/wk were compared with those who rarely consumed this food (RR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.76; P for trend = 0.001).
Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that a higher intake of -linolenic acid is protective against fatal IHD. Higher consumption of foods such as oil-based salad dressing that provide polyunsaturated fats, including -linolenic acid, may reduce the risk of fatal IHD.
Key Words: Ischemic heart disease • diet • -linolenic acid • risk • Nurses' Health Study • trans fatty acids • women
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L. Djousse, J. S Pankow, J. H Eckfeldt, A. R Folsom, P. N Hopkins, M. A Province, Y. Hong, and R C. Ellison Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2001; 74(5): 612 - 619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. R. Harper and T. A. Jacobson The Fats of Life: The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Arch Intern Med, October 8, 2001; 161(18): 2185 - 2192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M Oomen, M. C Ocke, E. J. Feskens, F. J Kok, and D. Kromhout {alpha}-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2001; 74(4): 457 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. U Almario, V. Vonghavaravat, R. Wong, and S. E Kasim-Karakas Effects of walnut consumption on plasma fatty acids and lipoproteins in combined hyperlipidemia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2001; 74(1): 72 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. de Lorgeril, P. Salen, F. Laporte, and J. de Leiris Alpha-linolenic acid in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_D): D26 - D32. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. Kromhout 'Protective nutrients' and up-to-date dietary recommendations Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_D): D33 - D36. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D.S. Siscovick, T.E. Raghunathan, R. Lemaitre, I. King, and L.A. Cobb Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest: clinical and public health implications of observational studies and clinical trials Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_D): D70 - D74. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T.D. Barringer Dietary fats in the prevention of coronary heart disease: the need for more clinical trials Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_D): D79 - D84. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. D. Clarke Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation of Gene Transcription: A Molecular Mechanism to Improve the Metabolic Syndrome J. Nutr., April 1, 2001; 131(4): 1129 - 1132. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, and W. C. Willett Types of Dietary Fat and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Critical Review J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2001; 20(1): 5 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association J. Nutr., January 1, 2001; 131(1): 132 - 146. [Full Text]
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M. L McCullough, D. Feskanich, M. J Stampfer, B. A Rosner, F. B Hu, D. J Hunter, J. N Variyam, G. A Colditz, and W. C Willett Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72(5): 1214 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. L McCullough, D. Feskanich, E. B Rimm, E. L Giovannucci, A. Ascherio, J. N Variyam, D. Spiegelman, M. J Stampfer, and W. C Willett Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans and risk of major chronic disease in men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2000; 72(5): 1223 - 1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Stroke, November 1, 2000; 31(11): 2751 - 2766. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. M. Krauss, R. H. Eckel, B. Howard, L. J. Appel, S. R. Daniels, R. J. Deckelbaum, J. W. Erdman Jr, P. Kris-Etherton, I. J. Goldberg, T. A. Kotchen, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines : Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Circulation, October 31, 2000; 102(18): 2284 - 2299. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Stampfer, F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, E. B. Rimm, and W. C. Willett Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women through Diet and Lifestyle N. Engl. J. Med., July 6, 2000; 343(1): 16 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. Zambon, J. Sabate, S. Munoz, B. Campero, E. Casals, M. Merlos, J. C. Laguna, and E. Ros Substituting Walnuts for Monounsaturated Fat Improves the Serum Lipid Profile of Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial Ann Intern Med, April 4, 2000; 132(7): 538 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. B Hu and W. Willett Reply to TC Campbell Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2000; 71(3): 850 - 851. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. E Connor {alpha}-Linolenic acid in health and disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 1999; 69(5): 827 - 828. [Full Text] [PDF]
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