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Original Research Communications |
1 From the Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Animal Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT.
Background: The fatty acids arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) are essential for fetal growth and development, but their metabolism may be altered in insulin resistance.
Objectives: The objectives were to determine maternal plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in pregnant women receiving dietary therapy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to identify maternal factors associated with plasma phospholipid AA and DHA concentrations in the third trimester.
Design: Fasting plasma phospholipid fatty acids were determined in women with GDM (n = 15) receiving dietary therapy only and in healthy, pregnant women without GDM (control group, n = 15) at 27–30, 33–35, and 36–39 wk gestation.
Results: Maternal plasma phospholipid (as % by wt of total fatty acids and mg/L) linoleic acid (18:2n-6), AA, and 22:5n-6 concentrations did not differ significantly between women with GDM and control subjects. The other n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (% by wt) were lower in GDM subjects than in control subjects. Plasma phospholipid (expressed as % by wt and mg/L) linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and summed precursors of DHA were lower and DHA (% by wt and mg/L), adjusted for dietary DHA intake, was 13% higher in GDM subjects than in control subjects. Maternal blood hemoglobin A1C was inversely related to plasma phospholipid AA (% by wt) (r = -0.56, P = 0.03) in control subjects and positively associated with plasma phospholipid AA (% by wt) in women with GDM (r = 0.76, P = 0.001). Pregravid body mass index was negatively associated with plasma phospholipid DHA (% by wt) in control subjects (r = -0.55, P = 0.04) and in women with GDM with a body mass index (in kg/m2) <30 (r = -0.76, P = 0.007).
Conclusions: This is the first report documenting alterations in maternal plasma phospholipid PUFAs in pregnant women receiving dietary therapy for GDM. In pregnant woman, both with and without GDM, maternal glycemic control and pregravid BMI appear to be significant predictors of plasma phospholipid AA and DHA, respectively, during the third trimester. Additionally, dietary DHA significantly affects phospholipid DHA concentrations.
Key Words: Docosahexaenoic acid • arachidonic acid • insulin resistance • gestational diabetes mellitus • pregnancy • glycemic control • body mass index • long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids • phospholipids • women
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  E. Larque, S. Krauss-Etschmann, C. Campoy, D. Hartl, J. Linde, M. Klingler, H. Demmelmair, A. Cano, A. Gil, B. Bondy, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supply in pregnancy affects placental expression of fatty acid transport proteins. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 853 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. D. Stark, S. Beblo, M. Murthy, M. Buda-Abela, J. Janisse, H. Rockett, J. E. Whitty, S. S. Martier, R. J. Sokol, J. H. Hannigan, et al. Comparison of bloodstream fatty acid composition from African-American women at gestation, delivery, and postpartum J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2005; 46(3): 516 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. R Cheruku, H. E Montgomery-Downs, S. L Farkas, E. B Thoman, and C. J Lammi-Keefe Higher maternal plasma docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy is associated with more mature neonatal sleep-state patterning Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2002; 76(3): 608 - 613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Jovanovic Time to reassess the optimal dietary prescription for women with gestational diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 1999; 70(1): 3 - 4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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