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Original Research Communications |
1 From the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul.
Background: Dietary carbohydrates may influence the development of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, for example, through effects on blood glucose and insulin concentrations.
Objective: We examined the relations of baseline intake of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, dietary magnesium, and carbohydrate-rich foods and the glycemic index with incidence of diabetes.
Design: This was a prospective cohort study of 35988 older Iowa women initially free of diabetes. During 6 y of follow-up, 1141 incident cases of diabetes were reported.
Results: Total grain, whole-grain, total dietary fiber, cereal fiber, and dietary magnesium intakes showed strong inverse associations with incidence of diabetes after adjustment for potential nondietary confounding variables. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of diabetes were 1.0, 0.99, 0.98, 0.92, and 0.79 (P for trend: 0.0089) across quintiles of whole-grain intake; 1.0, 1.09, 1.00, 0.94, and 0.78 (P for trend: 0.005) across quintiles of total dietary fiber intake; and 1.0, 0.81, 0.82, 0.81, and 0.67 (P for trend: 0.0003) across quintiles of dietary magnesium intake. Intakes of total carbohydrates, refined grains, fruit and vegetables, and soluble fiber and the glycemic index were unrelated to diabetes risk.
Conclusion: These data support a protective role for grains (particularly whole grains), cereal fiber, and dietary magnesium in the development of diabetes in older women.
Key Words: Type 2 diabetes • non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus • diet • nutrition • prospective studies • carbohydrates • dietary fiber • sugar • glycemic index • grains • magnesium • Iowa Women's Health Study • women
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C. Lau, K. Faerch, C. Glumer, I. Tetens, O. Pedersen, B. Carstensen, T. Jorgensen, and K. Borch-Johnsen Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, Fiber, Simple Sugars, and Insulin Resistance: The Inter99 study Diabetes Care, June 1, 2005; 28(6): 1397 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Parikh, M. C. McDaniel, M. D. Ashen, J. I. Miller, M. Sorrentino, V. Chan, R. S. Blumenthal, and L. S. Sperling Diets and Cardiovascular Disease: An Evidence-Based Assessment J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 3, 2005; 45(9): 1379 - 1387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. G. Huerta, J. N. Roemmich, M. L. Kington, V. E. Bovbjerg, A. L. Weltman, V. F. Holmes, J. T. Patrie, A. D. Rogol, and J. L. Nadler Magnesium Deficiency Is Associated With Insulin Resistance in Obese Children Diabetes Care, May 1, 2005; 28(5): 1175 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Faerch, C. Lau, I. Tetens, O. B. Pedersen, T. Jorgensen, K. Borch-Johnsen, and C. Glumer A Statistical Approach Based on Substitution of Macronutrients Provides Additional Information to Models Analyzing Single Dietary Factors in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes in Danish Adults: the Inter99 Study J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1177 - 1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. F. Kushner Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Con: The Mythical Phoenix or Credible Science? Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2005; 20(1): 13 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Montonen, P. Knekt, T. Harkanen, R. Jarvinen, M. Heliovaara, A. Aromaa, and A. Reunanen Dietary Patterns and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2005; 161(3): 219 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Oh, F. B. Hu, E. Cho, K. M. Rexrode, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, S. Liu, and W. C. Willett Carbohydrate Intake, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Dietary Fiber in Relation to Risk of Stroke in Women Am. J. Epidemiol., January 15, 2005; 161(2): 161 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Liu, M. Serdula, S.-J. Janket, N. R. Cook, H. D. Sesso, W. C. Willett, J. E. Manson, and J. E. Buring A Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2993 - 2996. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Koh-Banerjee, M. Franz, L. Sampson, S. Liu, D. R Jacobs Jr, D. Spiegelman, W. Willett, and E. Rimm Changes in whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber consumption in relation to 8-y weight gain among men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2004; 80(5): 1237 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Hodge, D. R. English, K. O'Dea, and G. G. Giles Glycemic Index and Dietary Fiber and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, November 1, 2004; 27(11): 2701 - 2706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Wu, E. Giovannucci, T. Pischon, S. E Hankinson, J. Ma, N. Rifai, and E. B Rimm Fructose, glycemic load, and quantity and quality of carbohydrate in relation to plasma C-peptide concentrations in US women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2004; 80(4): 1043 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Hodge, D. R. English, K. O'Dea, and G. G. Giles Increased Diabetes Incidence in Greek and Italian Migrants to Australia: How much can be explained by known risk factors? Diabetes Care, October 1, 2004; 27(10): 2330 - 2334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. F. Sheard, N. G. Clark, J. C. Brand-Miller, M. J. Franz, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, E. Mayer-Davis, K. Kulkarni, and P. Geil Dietary Carbohydrate (Amount and Type) in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes: A statement by the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, September 1, 2004; 27(9): 2266 - 2271. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C Brand-Miller Postprandial glycemia, glycemic index, and the prevention of type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 243 - 244. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Sloth, I. Krog-Mikkelsen, A. Flint, I. Tetens, I. Bjorck, S. Vinoy, H. Elmstahl, A. Astrup, V. Lang, and A. Raben No difference in body weight decrease between a low-glycemic-index and a high-glycemic-index diet but reduced LDL cholesterol after 10-wk ad libitum intake of the low-glycemic-index diet Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 337 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B Schulze, S. Liu, E. B Rimm, J. E Manson, W. C Willett, and F. B Hu Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 348 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Hoffmann, M. B. Schulze, A. Schienkiewitz, U. Nothlings, and H. Boeing Application of a New Statistical Method to Derive Dietary Patterns in Nutritional Epidemiology Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2004; 159(10): 935 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S Gross, L. Li, E. S Ford, and S. Liu Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 774 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Anderson, K. M. Randles, C. W. C. Kendall, and D. J. A. Jenkins Carbohydrate and Fiber Recommendations for Individuals with Diabetes: A Quantitative Assessment and Meta-Analysis of the Evidence J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 23(1): 5 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. M. McKeown, J. B. Meigs, S. Liu, E. Saltzman, P. W.F. Wilson, and P. F. Jacques Carbohydrate Nutrition, Insulin Resistance, and the Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort Diabetes Care, February 1, 2004; 27(2): 538 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Schulze and F. B. Hu Dietary Approaches to Prevent the Metabolic Syndrome: Quality versus quantity of carbohydrates Diabetes Care, February 1, 2004; 27(2): 613 - 614. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. K. Al-Delaimy, E. B. Rimm, W. C. Willett, M. J. Stampfer, and F. B. Hu Magnesium Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Men J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 23(1): 63 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Salazar-Martinez, W. C. Willett, A. Ascherio, J. E. Manson, M. F. Leitzmann, M. J. Stampfer, and F. B. Hu Coffee Consumption and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Ann Intern Med, January 6, 2004; 140(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Song, J. E. Manson, J. E. Buring, and S. Liu Dietary Magnesium Intake in Relation to Plasma Insulin Levels and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women Diabetes Care, January 1, 2004; 27(1): 59 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Lopez-Ridaura, W. C. Willett, E. B. Rimm, S. Liu, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, and F. B. Hu Magnesium Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women Diabetes Care, January 1, 2004; 27(1): 134 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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