HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Isolauri, E. Articles by Salminen, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Isolauri, E. Articles by Salminen, S. Agricola Articles by Isolauri, E. Articles by Salminen, S.

Probiotics: effects on immunity^1,2,3

¹ From the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, the University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and the National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland.

The gastrointestinal tract functions as a barrier against antigens from microorganisms and food. The generation of immunophysiologic regulation in the gut depends on the establishment of indigenous microflora. This has led to the introduction of novel therapeutic interventions based on the consumption of cultures of beneficial live microorganisms that act as probiotics. Among the possible mechanisms of probiotic therapy is promotion of a nonimmunologic gut defense barrier, which includes the normalization of increased intestinal permeability and altered gut microecology. Another possible mechanism of probiotic therapy is improvement of the intestine's immunologic barrier, particularly through intestinal immunoglobulin A responses and alleviation of intestinal inflammatory responses, which produce a gut-stabilizing effect. Many probiotic effects are mediated through immune regulation, particularly through balance control of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data show that probiotics can be used as innovative tools to alleviate intestinal inflammation, normalize gut mucosal dysfunction, and down-regulate hypersensitivity reactions. More recent data show that differences exist in the immunomodulatory effects of candidate probiotic bacteria. Moreover, distinct regulatory effects have been detected in healthy subjects and in patients with inflammatory diseases. These results suggest that specific immunomodulatory properties of probiotic bacteria should be characterized when developing clinical applications for extended target populations.

Key Words: Allergy • gastrointestinal tract • immune response • infants • inflammation • probiotics • antigen • lymphocytes • microflora

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Fleige, W. Preissinger, H. H. D. Meyer, and M. W. Pfaffl The immunomodulatory effect of lactulose on Enterococcus faecium fed preruminant calves J Anim Sci, May 1, 2009; 87(5): 1731 - 1738. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Revolledo, C. S. A. Ferreira, and A. J. P. Ferreira Prevention of Salmonella Typhimurium colonization and organ invasion by combination treatment in broiler chicks Poult. Sci., April 1, 2009; 88(4): 734 - 743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Hunter, M. Williams, M. Petrosyan, Y. Guner, R. Mittal, D. Mock, J. S. Upperman, H. R. Ford, and N. V. Prasadarao Lactobacillus bulgaricus Prevents Intestinal Epithelial Cell Injury Caused by Enterobacter sakazakii-Induced Nitric Oxide both In Vitro and in the Newborn Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Infect. Immun., March 1, 2009; 77(3): 1031 - 1043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Trois, E. M. Cardoso, and E. Miura Use of Probiotics in HIV-infected Children: A Randomized Double-blind Controlled Study J Trop Pediatr, February 1, 2008; 54(1): 19 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. E. Higgins, J. P. Higgins, A. D. Wolfenden, S. N. Henderson, A. Torres-Rodriguez, G. Tellez, and B. Hargis Evaluation of a Lactobacillus-Based Probiotic Culture for the Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis in Neonatal Broiler Chicks Poult. Sci., January 1, 2008; 87(1): 27 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. L. Willis, O. S. Isikhuemhen, and S. A. Ibrahim Performance Assessment of Broiler Chickens Given Mushroom Extract Alone or in Combination with Probiotics Poult. Sci., September 1, 2007; 86(9): 1856 - 1860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Isakow, L. E. Morrow, and M. H. Kollef Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Nosocomial Infections: Review of Current Evidence and Recommendations Chest, July 1, 2007; 132(1): 286 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Saavedra Use of Probiotics in Pediatrics: Rationale, Mechanisms of Action, and Practical Aspects Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2007; 22(3): 351 - 365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Chichlowski, J. Croom, B. W. McBride, L. Daniel, G. Davis, and M. D. Koci Direct-Fed Microbial PrimaLac and Salinomycin Modulate Whole-Body and Intestinal Oxygen Consumption and Intestinal Mucosal Cytokine Production in the Broiler Chick Poult. Sci., June 1, 2007; 86(6): 1100 - 1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Galdeano, A. de Moreno de LeBlanc, G. Vinderola, M. E. B. Bonet, and G. Perdigon Proposed Model: Mechanisms of Immunomodulation Induced by Probiotic Bacteria Clin. Vaccine Immunol., May 1, 2007; 14(5): 485 - 492. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Vicente, S. Higgins, L. Bielke, G. Tellez, D. Donoghue, A. Donoghue, and B. Hargis Effect of Probiotic Culture Candidates on Salmonella Prevalence in Commercial Turkey Houses J. Appl. Poult. Res., January 1, 2007; 16(3): 471 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. V. Emmanuel, A. Jafari, K. A. Beauchemin, J. A. Z. Leedle, and B. N. Ametaj Feeding live cultures of Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces an inflammatory response in feedlot steers J Anim Sci, January 1, 2007; 85(1): 233 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. R. Haghighi, J. Gong, C. L. Gyles, M. A. Hayes, B. Sanei, P. Parvizi, H. Gisavi, J. R. Chambers, and S. Sharif Modulation of Antibody-Mediated Immune Response by Probiotics in Chickens Clin. Vaccine Immunol., December 1, 2005; 12(12): 1387 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Benyacoub, P. F. Perez, F. Rochat, K. Y. Saudan, G. Reuteler, N. Antille, M. Humen, G. L. De Antoni, C. Cavadini, S. Blum, et al. Enterococcus faecium SF68 Enhances the Immune Response to Giardia intestinalis in Mice J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1171 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Salminen, M. Gueimonde, and E. Isolauri Probiotics That Modify Disease Risk J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1294 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Humen, G. L. De Antoni, J. Benyacoub, M. E. Costas, M. I. Cardozo, L. Kozubsky, K.-Y. Saudan, A. Boenzli-Bruand, S. Blum, E. J. Schiffrin, et al. Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 Antagonizes Giardia intestinalis In Vivo Infect. Immun., February 1, 2005; 73(2): 1265 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. W. Van Niel Probiotics: Not Just for Treatment Anymore Pediatrics, January 1, 2005; 115(1): 174 - 177. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Baharav, F. Mor, M. Halpern, and A. Weinberger Lactobacillus GG Bacteria Ameliorate Arthritis in Lewis Rats J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 1964 - 1969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Reid, J. Jass, M. T. Sebulsky, and J. K. McCormick Potential Uses of Probiotics in Clinical Practice Clin. Microbiol. Rev., October 1, 2003; 16(4): 658 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Bourlioux, B. Koletzko, F. Guarner, and V. Braesco The intestine and its microflora are partners for the protection of the host: report on the Danone Symposium "The Intelligent Intestine," held in Paris, June 14, 2002 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 675 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. L. Kettunen, A. S. L. Kettunen, and N. E. Rautonen Intestinal Immune Responses in Wild-Type and ApcMin/+ Mouse, a Model for Colon Cancer Cancer Res., August 15, 2003; 63(16): 5136 - 5142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. R. Krehbiel, S. R. Rust, G. Zhang, and S. E. Gilliland Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: Performance response and mode of action J Anim Sci, February 1, 2003; 81(14_suppl_2): E120 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Ibnou-Zekri, S. Blum, E. J. Schiffrin, and T. von der Weid Divergent Patterns of Colonization and Immune Response Elicited from Two Intestinal Lactobacillus Strains That Display Similar Properties In Vitro Infect. Immun., January 1, 2003; 71(1): 428 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bernasconi, J.-E. Germond, M. Delley, R. Fritsche, and B. Corthesy Lactobacillus bulgaricus Proteinase Expressed in Lactococcus lactis Is a Powerful Carrier for Cell Wall-Associated and Secreted Bovine {beta}-Lactoglobulin Fusion Proteins Appl. Envir. Microbiol., June 1, 2002; 68(6): 2917 - 2923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E Isolauri, P V Kirjavainen, and S Salminen Probiotics: a role in the treatment of intestinal infection and inflammation? Gut, May 1, 2002; 50(90003): iii54 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Kimura, Y. Nagata, C. W. Bryant, and R. K. Buddington Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Do Not Increase Accumulation of Lipid Soluble Environmental Contaminants by Mice J. Nutr., January 1, 2002; 132(1): 80 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Isolauri Probiotics in human disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73 (6): 1142S - 1146S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]