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Bioefficacy of ß-carotene dissolved in oil studied in children in Indonesia^1,2,3

¹ From the Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands; the Nutrition Research and Development Centre, Bogor, Indonesia; the Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago; the Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands; and the Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center, St Radboud, Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Background: More information on the bioefficacy of carotenoids in foods ingested by humans is needed.

Objective: We aimed to measure the time required for isotopic enrichment of ß-carotene and retinol in serum to reach a plateau, the extent of conversion of ß-carotene dissolved in oil with use of ß-carotene and retinol specifically labeled with 10 ¹³C atoms, and the intraindividual variation in response.

Design: Indonesian children aged 8–11 y (n = 35) consumed 2 capsules/d, 7 d/wk, for 10 wk. Each capsule contained 80 µg [12,13,14,15,20,12',13',14',15',20'-¹³C₁₀]ß-carotene and 80 µg [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,19,20-¹³C₁₀]retinyl palmitate. Three blood samples were drawn per child over a period of 10 wk. HPLC coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to measure the isotopic enrichment in serum of retinol with [¹³C₅]retinol and [¹³C₁₀]retinol and of ß-carotene with [¹³C₁₀]ß-carotene. The ß-carotene in the capsules used had a cis-trans ratio of 3:1.

Results: Plateau isotopic enrichment was reached by day 21. The amount of ß-carotene in oil required to form 1 µg retinol was 2.4 µg (95% CI: 2.1, 2.7). The amount of all-trans-ß-carotene required to form 1 µg retinol may be lower.

Conclusions: The efficiency of conversion of this ß-carotene in oil was 27% better than that estimated previously (1.0 µg retinol from 3.3 µg ß-carotene with an unknown cis-trans ratio). The method described can be extended to measure the bioefficacy of carotenoids in foods with high precision, requiring fewer subjects than other methods.

Key Words: Bioavailability • ß-carotene • conversion • retinol • vitamin A • children • Indonesia • stable isotope • carbon isotopes • ¹³C • extrinsic labeling • LC-MS • liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

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