| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Original Research Communication |
1 From the Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston; the Channing Laboratory, the Division of Preventive Medicine, the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston; and the Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City.
Background: The long-term relations between specific types of dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes remain unclear.
Objective: Our objective was to examine the relations between dietary fat intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Design: We prospectively followed 84204 women aged 34–59 y with no diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer in 1980. Detailed dietary information was assessed at baseline and updated in 1984, 1986, and 1990 by using validated questionnaires. Relative risks of type 2 diabetes were obtained from pooled logistic models adjusted for nondietary and dietary covariates.
Results: During 14 y of follow-up, 2507 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Total fat intake, compared with equivalent energy intake from carbohydrates, was not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes; for a 5% increase in total energy from fat, the relative risk (RR) was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.02). Intakes of saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids were also not significantly associated with the risk of diabetes. However, for a 5% increase in energy from polyunsaturated fat, the RR was 0.63 (0.53, 0.76; P < 0.0001) and for a 2% increase in energy from trans fatty acids the RR was 1.39 (1.15, 1.67; P = 0.0006). We estimated that replacing 2% of energy from trans fatty acids isoenergetically with polyunsaturated fat would lead to a 40% lower risk (RR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.75).
Conclusions: These data suggest that total fat and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid intakes are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in women, but that trans fatty acids increase and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce risk. Substituting nonhydrogenated polyunsaturated fatty acids for trans fatty acids would likely reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes substantially.
Key Words: Dietary fat • polyunsaturated fat • trans fatty acids • type 2 diabetes • risk • women
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Y. He, G. Ma, F. Zhai, Y. Li, Y. Hu, E. J.M. Feskens, and X. Yang Dietary Patterns and Glucose Tolerance Abnormalities in Chinese Adults Diabetes Care, November 1, 2009; 32(11): 1972 - 1976. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kaushik, D. Mozaffarian, D. Spiegelman, J. E Manson, W. C Willett, and F. B Hu Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2009; 90(3): 613 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W. P. Koppe, M. Elias, R. H. Moseley, and R. M. Green Trans fat feeding results in higher serum alanine aminotransferase and increased insulin resistance compared with a standard murine high-fat diet Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, August 1, 2009; 297(2): G378 - G384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-L. Tardy, S. Lambert-Porcheron, C. Malpuech-Brugere, C. Giraudet, J.-P. Rigaudiere, B. Laillet, P. LeRuyet, J.-L. Peyraud, Y. Boirie, M. Laville, et al. Dairy and industrial sources of trans fat do not impair peripheral insulin sensitivity in overweight women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2009; 90(1): 88 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Nayeem, M. Nagamani, K. E. Anderson, Y. Huang, J. J. Grady, and L.-J. W. Lu Dietary {beta}-Tocopherol and Linoleic Acid, Serum Insulin, and Waist Circumference Predict Circulating Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin in Premenopausal Women J. Nutr., June 1, 2009; 139(6): 1135 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Livesey Fructose Ingestion: Dose-Dependent Responses in Health Research J. Nutr., June 1, 2009; 139(6): 1246S - 1252S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mozaffarian, A. Kamineni, M. Carnethon, L. Djousse, K. J. Mukamal, and D. Siscovick Lifestyle Risk Factors and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study Arch Intern Med, April 27, 2009; 169(8): 798 - 807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Harris, D. Mozaffarian, E. Rimm, P. Kris-Etherton, L. L. Rudel, L. J. Appel, M. M. Engler, M. B. Engler, and F. Sacks Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, February 17, 2009; 119(6): 902 - 907. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse, J. M. Gaziano, J. E. Buring, and I-M. Lee Egg Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men and Women Diabetes Care, February 1, 2009; 32(2): 295 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H. Garman, S. Mulroney, M. Manigrasso, E. Flynn, and C. Maric Omega-3 fatty acid rich diet prevents diabetic renal disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2009; 296(2): F306 - F316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lopez, B. Bermudez, Y. M Pacheco, J. Villar, R. Abia, and F. J. Muriana Distinctive postprandial modulation of {beta} cell function and insulin sensitivity by dietary fats: monounsaturated compared with saturated fatty acids Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 638 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. F. Tinker, D. E. Bonds, K. L. Margolis, J. E. Manson, B. V. Howard, J. Larson, M. G. Perri, S. A. A. Beresford, J. G. Robinson, B. Rodriguez, et al. Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Treated Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial Arch Intern Med, July 28, 2008; 168(14): 1500 - 1511. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A.-L. Tardy, C. Giraudet, P. Rousset, J.-P. Rigaudiere, B. Laillet, S. Chalancon, J. Salles, O. Loreau, J.-M. Chardigny, and B. Morio Effects of trans MUFA from dairy and industrial sources on muscle mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity J. Lipid Res., July 1, 2008; 49(7): 1445 - 1455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. J. Webster, G. J. Searle, P. P. L. Lam, Y.-C. Huang, M. J. Riedel, G. Harb, H. Y. Gaisano, A. Holt, and P. E. Light Elevation in Intracellular Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Esters Lead to Reduced {beta}-Cell Excitability via Activation of Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3679 - 3687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M A Martinez-Gonzalez, C d. l. Fuente-Arrillaga, J M Nunez-Cordoba, F J Basterra-Gortari, J J Beunza, Z Vazquez, S Benito, A Tortosa, and M Bes-Rastrollo Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study BMJ, June 14, 2008; 336(7657): 1348 - 1351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson Lifestyle and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 191 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L Halton, S. Liu, J. E Manson, and F. B Hu Low-carbohydrate-diet score and risk of type 2 diabetes in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2008; 87(2): 339 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Esmaillzadeh and L. Azadbakht Consumption of Hydrogenated Versus Nonhydrogenated Vegetable Oils and Risk of Insulin Resistance and the Metabolic Syndrome Among Iranian Adult Women Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(2): 223 - 226. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. E. Chavarro, M. J. Stampfer, H. Campos, T. Kurth, W. C. Willett, and J. Ma A Prospective Study of Trans-Fatty Acid Levels in Blood and Risk of Prostate Cancer Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., January 1, 2008; 17(1): 95 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Merchant, L. E Kelemen, L. de Koning, E. Lonn, V. Vuksan, R. Jacobs, B. Davis, K. K Teo, S. Yusuf, S. S Anand, et al. Interrelation of saturated fat, trans fat, alcohol intake, and subclinical atherosclerosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 168 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, January 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_1): S61 - S78. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Xu, S. Eilat-Adar, C. M Loria, B. V Howard, R. R Fabsitz, M. Begum, E. M Zephier, and E. T Lee Macronutrient intake and glycemic control in a population-based sample of American Indians with diabetes: the Strong Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2007; 86(2): 480 - 487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M Hodge, D. R English, K. O'Dea, A. J Sinclair, M. Makrides, R. A Gibson, and G. G Giles Plasma phospholipid and dietary fatty acids as predictors of type 2 diabetes: interpreting the role of linoleic acid Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 189 - 197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hu, P. Jousilahti, and J. Tuomilehto Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Its Association With Cardiovascular Disease Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Response to Talim Diabetes Care, June 1, 2007; 30(6): e56 - e56. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. H. Eckel, S. Borra, A. H. Lichtenstein, and S. Y. Yin-Piazza Understanding the Complexity of Trans Fatty Acid Reduction in the American Diet: American Heart Association Trans Fat Conference 2006: Report of the Trans Fat Conference Planning Group Circulation, April 24, 2007; 115(16): 2231 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E Chavarro, J. W Rich-Edwards, B. A Rosner, and W. C Willett Dietary fatty acid intakes and the risk of ovulatory infertility Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2007; 85(1): 231 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. B. Ebbeling, M. N. Pearson, G. Sorensen, R. A. Levine, J. R. Hebert, J. A. Salkeld, and K. E. Peterson Conceptualization and Development of a Theory-Based Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Intervention for Postpartum Women Who Are Low Income Health Promot Pract, January 1, 2007; 8(1): 50 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Care, January 1, 2007; 30(suppl_1): S48 - S65. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. H. J. Kim, W. C. Willett, G. A. Colditz, S. E. Hankinson, M. J. Stampfer, D. J. Hunter, B. Rosner, and M. D. Holmes Dietary Fat and Risk of Postmenopausal Breast Cancer in a 20-year Follow-up Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2006; 164(10): 990 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kuhnt, A. Wagner, J. Kraft, S. Basu, and G. Jahreis Dietary supplementation with 11trans- and 12trans-18:1 and oxidative stress in humans. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 981 - 988. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. C. Willett and F. B. Hu Not the Time to Abandon the Food Frequency Questionnaire: Point Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., October 1, 2006; 15(10): 1757 - 1758. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Diabetes Association Nutrition Recommendations and Interventions for Diabetes-2006: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, September 1, 2006; 29(9): 2140 - 2157. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Vega-Lopez, L. M Ausman, S. M Jalbert, A. T Erkkila, and A. H Lichtenstein Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 54 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L Halton, W. C Willett, S. Liu, J. E Manson, M. J Stampfer, and F. B Hu Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 284 - 290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. A. Bazzano, M. Serdula, and S. Liu Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes by Diet and Lifestyle Modification J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 24(5): 310 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Freire, M. A. Cardoso, S. G.A. Gimeno, S. R.G. Ferreira, and for the Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group Dietary Fat Is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Brazilians Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1779 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Riedel and P. E. Light Saturated and cis/trans Unsaturated Acyl CoA Esters Differentially Regulate Wild-Type and Polymorphic {beta}-Cell ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels Diabetes, July 1, 2005; 54(7): 2070 - 2079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Oh, F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, and W. C. Willett Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women: 20 Years of Follow-up of the Nurses' Health Study Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 161(7): 672 - 679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lopez-Garcia, M. B. Schulze, J. B. Meigs, J. E. Manson, N. Rifai, M. J. Stampfer, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu Consumption of Trans Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 562 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Tapsell, L. J. Gillen, C. S. Patch, M. Batterham, A. Owen, M. Bare, and M. Kennedy Including Walnuts in a Low-Fat/Modified-Fat Diet Improves HDL Cholesterol-to-Total Cholesterol Ratios in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2777 - 2783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Lara-Castro and W. T. Garvey Diet, Insulin Resistance, and Obesity: Zoning in on Data for Atkins Dieters Living in South Beach J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4197 - 4205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Romieu, E. Lazcano-Ponce, L. M. Sanchez-Zamorano, W. Willett, and M. Hernandez-Avila Carbohydrates and the Risk of Breast Cancer among Mexican Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2004; 13(8): 1283 - 1289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Mozaffarian, T. Pischon, S. E Hankinson, N. Rifai, K. Joshipura, W. C Willett, and E. B Rimm Dietary intake of trans fatty acids and systemic inflammation in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 606 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-H. Harding, N. E. Day, K.-T. Khaw, S. Bingham, R. Luben, A. Welsh, and N. J. Wareham Dietary Fat and the Risk of Clinical Type 2 Diabetes: The European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2004; 159(1): 73 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Greenfield, K. Samaras, A. B. Jenkins, P. J. Kelly, T. D. Spector, and L. V. Campbell Moderate Alcohol Consumption, Dietary Fat Composition, and Abdominal Obesity in Women: Evidence for Gene-Environment Interaction J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5381 - 5386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kim, P. S. Haines, A. M. Siega-Riz, and B. M. Popkin The Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) Provides an Effective Tool for Cross-National Comparison of Diet Quality as Illustrated by China and the United States J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3476 - 3484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Koh-Banerjee, N.-F. Chu, D. Spiegelman, B. Rosner, G. Colditz, W. Willett, and E. Rimm Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 719 - 727. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E Kelley Sugars and starch in the nutritional management of diabetes mellitus Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2003; 78(4): 858S - 864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Anderson, C. W.C. Kendall, and D. J.A. Jenkins Importance of Weight Management in Type 2 Diabetes: Review with Meta-analysis of Clinical Studies J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 22(5): 331 - 339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ros Dietary cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 617S - 625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Wang, A. R Folsom, Z.-J. Zheng, J. S Pankow, and J. H Eckfeldt Plasma fatty acid composition and incidence of diabetes in middle-aged adults: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2003; 78(1): 91 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Wannamethee, C. A. Camargo Jr, J. E. Manson, W. C. Willett, and E. B. Rimm Alcohol Drinking Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Younger Women Arch Intern Med, June 9, 2003; 163(11): 1329 - 1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Yang, J. M Kerver, Y. K. Park, J. Kayitsinga, D. B Allison, and W. O Song Carbohydrate intake and biomarkers of glycemic control among US adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2003; 77(6): 1426 - 1433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Eitel, H. Staiger, J. Rieger, H. Mischak, H. Brandhorst, M. D. Brendel, R. G. Bretzel, H.-U. Haring, and M. Kellerer Protein Kinase C {delta} Activation and Translocation to the Nucleus Are Required for Fatty Acid-Induced Apoptosis of Insulin-Secreting Cells Diabetes, April 1, 2003; 52(4): 991 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C.M. Ryan, P. Collins, and J. H. Thakore Impaired Fasting Glucose Tolerance in First-Episode, Drug-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry, February 1, 2003; 160(2): 284 - 289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Jiang, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, S. Liu, W. C. Willett, and F. B. Hu Nut and Peanut Butter Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women JAMA, November 27, 2002; 288(20): 2554 - 2560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. B. Hu and W. C. Willett Optimal Diets for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease JAMA, November 27, 2002; 288(20): 2569 - 2578. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Sunehag, G. Toffolo, M. S. Treuth, N. F. Butte, C. Cobelli, D. M. Bier, and M. W. Haymond Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Content on Glucose Metabolism in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 5168 - 5178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. N Das Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and diabetes mellitus Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2002; 75(4): 780 - 781. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. van Dam, W. C. Willett, E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, and F. B. Hu Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 417 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Marshall and D. H. Bessesen Dietary Fat and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, March 1, 2002; 25(3): 620 - 622. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Wirfalt, B. Hedblad, B. Gullberg, I. Mattisson, C. Andren, U. Rosander, L. Janzon, and G. Berglund Food Patterns and Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women: A Cross-sectional Study within the Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2001; 154(12): 1150 - 1159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.-H. Harding, L. A. Sargeant, A. Welch, S. Oakes, R. N. Luben, S. Bingham, N. E. Day, K.-T. Khaw, and N. J. Wareham Fat Consumption and HbA1c Levels: The EPIC-Norfolk Study Diabetes Care, November 1, 2001; 24(11): 1911 - 1916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Ludwig and C. B. Ebbeling Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children: Primary Care and Public Health Considerations JAMA, September 26, 2001; 286(12): 1427 - 1430. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. B. Hu, J. E. Manson, M. J. Stampfer, G. Colditz, S. Liu, C. G. Solomon, and W. C. Willett Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women N. Engl. J. Med., September 13, 2001; 345(11): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J.M. Feskens Can Diabetes Be Prevented by Vegetable Fat? Diabetes Care, September 1, 2001; 24(9): 1517 - 1518. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M T. Clandinin and M. S Wilke Do trans fatty acids increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2001; 73(6): 1001 - 1002. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
