AJCN Tufts Nutrition Symposium, Boston & Online Sept 2009
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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 74, No. 6, 714-722, December 2001
© 2001 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

Review Article

{gamma}-Tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention1,2,3

Qing Jiang, Stephan Christen, Mark K Shigenaga and Bruce N Ames

1 From the University of California, the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley; the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA; and the Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.

{gamma}-Tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E in many plant seeds and in the US diet, but has drawn little attention compared with {alpha}-tocopherol, the predominant form of vitamin E in tissues and the primary form in supplements. However, recent studies indicate that {gamma}-tocopherol may be important to human health and that it possesses unique features that distinguish it from {alpha}-tocopherol. {gamma}-Tocopherol appears to be a more effective trap for lipophilic electrophiles than is {alpha}-tocopherol. {gamma}-Tocopherol is well absorbed and accumulates to a significant degree in some human tissues; it is metabolized, however, largely to 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(ß-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman ({gamma}-CEHC), which is mainly excreted in the urine. {gamma}-CEHC, but not the corresponding metabolite derived from {alpha}-tocopherol, has natriuretic activity that may be of physiologic importance. Both {gamma}-tocopherol and {gamma}-CEHC, but not {alpha}-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity and, thus, possess antiinflammatory properties. Some human and animal studies indicate that plasma concentrations of {gamma}-tocopherol are inversely associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. These distinguishing features of {gamma}-tocopherol and its metabolite suggest that {gamma}-tocopherol may contribute significantly to human health in ways not recognized previously. This possibility should be further evaluated, especially considering that high doses of {alpha}-tocopherol deplete plasma and tissue {gamma}-tocopherol, in contrast with supplementation with {gamma}-tocopherol, which increases both. We review current information on the bioavailability, metabolism, chemistry, and nonantioxidant activities of {gamma}-tocopherol and epidemiologic data concerning the relation between {gamma}-tocopherol and cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Key Words: {gamma}-Tocopherol • {alpha}-tocopherol • bioavailability • metabolism • electrophile trap • antiinflammatory activity • cardiovascular disease • cancer • review




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