| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Original Research Communication |
-linolenic acid and group nutritional education on cardiovascular risk factors: the Mediterranean Alpha-linolenic Enriched Groningen Dietary Intervention (MARGARIN) study1,2,3
1 Department of General Practice, University of Groningen, Netherlands (WJEB and BMJ); the Municipal Health Service Agency, Groningen, Netherlands (JB); the Department of Chronic Diseases Epidemiology, the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands (EJMF); and the Departments of Internal Medicine (AJS and JDL), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (FAJM and VJJB), and Cardiology (JFM), Groningen University Hospital, Groningen, Netherlands.
Background: The effect of long-term increased intakes of 
-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) on cardiovascular risk factors is unknown.
Objectives: Our objectives were to assess the effect of increased ALA intakes on cardiovascular risk factors and the estimated risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) at 2 y and the effect of nutritional education on dietary habits.
Design: Subjects with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (124 men and 158 women) were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to consume a margarine rich in either ALA [46% linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6) and 15% ALA; n = 114] or LA (58% LA and 0.3% ALA; n = 168). An intervention group (n = 110; 50% ALA) obtained group nutritional education, and a control group (n = 172; 34% ALA) received a posted leaflet containing the standard Dutch dietary guidelines.
Results: Average ALA intakes were 6.3 and 1.0 g/d in the ALA and LA groups, respectively. After 2 y, the ALA group had a higher ratio of total to HDL cholesterol (+0.34; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.56), lower HDL cholesterol (-0.05 mmol/L; -0.10, 0), higher serum triacylglycerol (+0.24 mmol/L; 0.02, 0.46), and lower plasma fibrinogen (-0.18 g/L; -0.31, -0.04; after 1 y) than did the LA group (adjusted for baseline values, sex, and lipid-lowering drugs). No significant difference existed in 10-y estimated IHD risk. After 2 y, the intervention group had lower saturated fat intakes and higher fish intakes than did the control group.
Conclusions: Increased ALA intakes decrease the estimated IHD risk to an extent similar to that found with increased LA intakes. Group nutritional education can effectively increase fish intake.
Key Words: -Linolenic acid • linoleic acid • prevention • ischemic heart disease • nutritional education • cardiovascular risk factors • Netherlands • MARGARIN study
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. Teres, G. Barcelo-Coblijn, M. Benet, R. Alvarez, R. Bressani, J. E. Halver, and P. V. Escriba Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil PNAS, September 16, 2008; 105(37): 13811 - 13816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Harris Cardiovascular Risk and {alpha}-Linolenic Acid: Can Costa Rica Clarify? Circulation, July 22, 2008; 118(4): 323 - 324. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Jew, C. A. Vanstone, J.-M. Antoine, and P. J. H. Jones Generic and Product-Specific Health Claim Processes for Functional Foods across Global Jurisdictions J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1228S - 1236S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Estruch, M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, D. Corella, J. Salas-Salvado, V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, M. I. Covas, M. Fiol, E. Gomez-Gracia, M. C. Lopez-Sabater, E. Vinyoles, et al. Effects of a Mediterranean-Style Diet on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Trial Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 1 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Wang, W. S Harris, M. Chung, A. H Lichtenstein, E. M Balk, B. Kupelnick, H. S Jordan, and J. Lau n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not {alpha}-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 5 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Zaloga, N. Ruzmetov, K. A. Harvey, C. Terry, N. Patel, W. Stillwell, and R. Siddiqui (n-3) Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Prolong Survival following Myocardial Infarction in Rats J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1874 - 1878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L Breslow n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): S1477 - 1482S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Wendland, A Farmer, P Glasziou, and A Neil Effect of {alpha} linolenic acid on cardiovascular risk markers: a systematic review Heart, February 1, 2006; 92(2): 166 - 169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. R. Harper, M. J. Edwards, A. P. DeFilipis, and T. A. Jacobson Flaxseed Oil Increases the Plasma Concentrations of Cardioprotective (n-3) Fatty Acids in Humans J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 83 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. L. Goyens and R. P. Mensink The Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid to Linoleic Acid Ratio Does Not Affect the Serum Lipoprotein Profile in Humans J. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 135(12): 2799 - 2804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Vincent-Baudry, C. Defoort, M. Gerber, M.-C. Bernard, P. Verger, O. Helal, H. Portugal, R. Planells, P. Grolier, M.-J. Amiot-Carlin, et al. The Medi-RIVAGE study: reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors after a 3-mo intervention with a Mediterranean-type diet or a low-fat diet Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2005; 82(5): 964 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M Hjerkinn, I. Seljeflot, I. Ellingsen, P. Berstad, I. Hjermann, L. Sandvik, and H. Arnesen Influence of long-term intervention with dietary counseling, long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplements, or both on circulating markers of endothelial activation in men with long-standing hyperlipidemia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2005; 81(3): 583 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Hussein, E. Ah-Sing, P. Wilkinson, C. Leach, B. A. Griffin, and D. J. Millward Long-chain conversion of [13C]linoleic acid and {alpha}-linolenic acid in response to marked changes in their dietary intake in men J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2005; 46(2): 269 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. K. Paschos, N. Yiannakouris, L. S. Rallidis, I. Davies, B. A. Griffin, D. B. Panagiotakos, F. N. Skopouli, V. Votteas, and A. Zampelas Apolipoprotein E Genotype in Dyslipidemic Patients and Response of Blood Lipids and Inflammatory Markers to Alpha-Linolenic Acid Angiology, January 1, 2005; 56(1): 49 - 60. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. C. Tapsell, L. J. Gillen, C. S. Patch, M. Batterham, A. Owen, M. Bare, and M. Kennedy Including Walnuts in a Low-Fat/Modified-Fat Diet Improves HDL Cholesterol-to-Total Cholesterol Ratios in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, December 1, 2004; 27(12): 2777 - 2783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Zhao, T. D. Etherton, K. R. Martin, S. G. West, P. J. Gillies, and P. M. Kris-Etherton Dietary {alpha}-Linolenic Acid Reduces Inflammatory and Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women J. Nutr., November 1, 2004; 134(11): 2991 - 2997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Kasim-Karakas, R. U. Almario, L. Gregory, R. Wong, H. Todd, and B. L. Lasley Metabolic and Endocrine Effects of a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Diet in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 615 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse, S. C Hunt, D. K Arnett, M. A Province, J. H Eckfeldt, and R C. Ellison Dietary linolenic acid is inversely associated with plasma triacylglycerol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2003; 78(6): 1098 - 1102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C Davis and P. M Kris-Etherton Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 640S - 646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Pischon, S. E. Hankinson, G. S. Hotamisligil, N. Rifai, W. C. Willett, and E. B. Rimm Habitual Dietary Intake of n-3 and n-6 Fatty Acids in Relation to Inflammatory Markers Among US Men and Women Circulation, July 15, 2003; 108(2): 155 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. E. Finnegan, D. Howarth, A. M. Minihane, S. Kew, G. J. Miller, P. C. Calder, and C. M. Williams Plant and Marine Derived (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Do Not Affect Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Factors in Moderately Hyperlipidemic Humans J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2210 - 2213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. E Finnegan, A. M Minihane, E. C Leigh-Firbank, S. Kew, G. W Meijer, R. Muggli, P. C Calder, and C. M Williams Plant- and marine-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have differential effects on fasting and postprandial blood lipid concentrations and on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2003; 77(4): 783 - 795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel, and for the Nutrition Committee Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2003; 23(2): e20 - 30. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Lanzmann-Petithory, S. Pueyo, and S. Renaud Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases by {alpha}-linolenic acid Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1456 - 1456. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Bemelmans, J. Broer, A. J Smit, and E. J. Feskens Reply to D Lanzmann-Petithory et al Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1456 - 1457. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, L. J. Appel, and for the Nutrition Committee Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, November 19, 2002; 106(21): 2747 - 2757. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
