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Original Research Communication |
1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston (MAP); the Division of Epidemiology (DRJ and MDG), the General Clinical Research Center (SKR), and the Departments of Food Science and Nutrition (JLS), Medicine (ERS), and Family Practice (JJP), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; and the Institute of Nutrition Research, University of Oslo (DRJ).
Background: Epidemiologic studies have found whole-grain intake to be inversely associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Objective: We tested the hypothesis that whole-grain consumption improves insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese adults.
Design: This controlled experiment compared insulin sensitivity between diets (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat) including 6–10 servings/d of breakfast cereal, bread, rice, pasta, muffins, cookies, and snacks of either whole or refined grains. Total energy needs were estimated to maintain body weight. Eleven overweight or obese [body mass index (in kg/m2): 27–36] hyperinsulinemic adults aged 25–56 y participated in a randomized crossover design. At the end of each 6-wk diet period, the subjects consumed 355 mL (12 oz) of a liquid mixed meal, and blood samples were taken over 2 h. The next day a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp test was administered.
Results: Fasting insulin was 10% lower during consumption of the whole-grain than during consumption of the refined-grain diet (mean difference: -15 ± 5.5 pmol/L; P = 0.03). After the whole-grain diet, the area under the 2-h insulin curve tended to be lower (-8832 pmol·min/L; 95% CI: -18720, 1062) than after the refined-grain diet. The rate of glucose infusion during the final 30 min of the clamp test was higher after the whole-grain diet (0.07 x 10-4 mmol·kg-1·min-1 per pmol/L; 95% CI: 0.003 x 10-4, 0.144 x 10-4).
Conclusion: Insulin sensitivity may be an important mechanism whereby whole-grain foods reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.
Key Words: Carbohydrate • diet • whole grains • nutrition • insulin • hyperinsulinemia • type 2 diabetes • insulin response
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