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Original Research Communication |
1 From the Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (SN-O, KSS, MEC, and CG) and the Division of Diabetes Translation (BAB), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the CDC Drug Service, Scientific Resources Program, National Center for Infectious Disease (CA and CD), and the NHANES Laboratory, Nutritional Biochemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, (EWG), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; the Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (BWH); and the Division of Health Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD (ACL).
Background: Recent reports of rickets among African American children drew attention to the vitamin D status of these infants and their mothers. African American women are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency than are white women, but few studies have examined determinants of hypovitaminosis D in this population.
Objective: We examined the prevalence and determinants of hypovitaminosis D among African American and white women of reproductive age.
Design: We examined 1546 African American women and 1426 white women aged 15–49 y who were not pregnant and who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Hypovitaminosis D was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration 
37.5 nmol/L. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the independent association of dietary, demographic, and behavioral determinants of hypovitaminosis D.
Results: The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was 42.4 ± 3.1% (
± SE) among African Americans and 4.2 ± 0.7% among whites. Among African Americans, hypovitaminosis D was independently associated with consumption of milk or breakfast cereal <3 times/wk, no use of vitamin D supplements, season, urban residence, low body mass index, and no use of oral contraceptives. Even among 243 African Americans who consumed the adequate intake of vitamin D from supplements (200 IU/d), 28.2 ± 2.7% had hypovitaminosis D.
Conclusions: The high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among African American women warrants further examination of vitamin D recommendations for these women. The determinants of hypovitaminosis D among women should be considered when these women are advised on dietary intake and supplement use.
Key Words: Hypovitaminosis D • 25-hydroxyvitamin D • vitamin D deficiency • African American women • diet • body mass index • oral contraceptive pills • rickets
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P. Weisberg, K. S Scanlon, R. Li, and M. E Cogswell Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1697S - 1705S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S Calvo, S. J Whiting, and C. N Barton Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1710S - 1716S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Harris and V. L. W. Go Vitamin D and Colon Carcinogenesis J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3463S - 3471S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. A Bischoff-Ferrari, T. Dietrich, E J. Orav, F. B Hu, Y. Zhang, E. W Karlson, and B. Dawson-Hughes Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged >=60 y Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 752 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. L Newmark, R. P Heaney, and P. A Lachance Should calcium and vitamin D be added to the current enrichment program for cereal-grain products? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 264 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. P. Martin, P. Foels, G. Clanton, and K. Moon Season of Birth Is Related to Child Retention Rates, Achievement, and Rate of Diagnosis of Specific LD J Learn Disabil, August 1, 2004; 37(4): 307 - 317. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 C. M. Gordon, K. C. DePeter, H. A. Feldman, E. Grace, and S. J. Emans Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Healthy Adolescents Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2004; 158(6): 531 - 537. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Cheng, M. A. Levine, N. H. Bell, D. J. Mangelsdorf, and D. W. Russell Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase PNAS, May 18, 2004; 101(20): 7711 - 7715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. W Hollis and C. L Wagner Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 717 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Holick Vitamin D Deficiency and Chronic Pain: Cause and Effect or Epiphenomenon?-Reply-II Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2004; 79(5): 696 - 696. [PDF]
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M. F. Holick Sun Exposure, Vitamin D Metabolism, and Skin Cancer-Reply-I Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2004; 79(5): 700 - 701. [PDF]
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G. A. Plotnikoff Vitamin D Deficiency and Chronic Pain: Cause and Effect or Epiphenomenon?-Reply-I Mayo Clin. Proc., May 1, 2004; 79(5): 695 - 696. [PDF]
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U. Peters, R. B. Hayes, N. Chatterjee, W. Shao, R. E. Schoen, P. Pinsky, B. W. Hollis, K. A. McGlynn, and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites, Polymorphism in Vitamin D Receptor, and Colorectal Adenoma Risk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., April 1, 2004; 13(4): 546 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F Holick Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2004; 79(3): 362 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Visser, D. J. H. Deeg, and P. Lips Low Vitamin D and High Parathyroid Hormone Levels as Determinants of Loss of Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia): The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 5766 - 5772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Holick Vitamin D Deficiency: What a Pain It Is Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1457 - 1459. [PDF]
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G. A. Plotnikoff and J. M. Quigley Prevalence of Severe Hypovitaminosis D in Patients With Persistent, Nonspecific Musculoskeletal Pain Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1463 - 1470. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. C. DeLucia, M. E. Mitnick, and T. O. Carpenter Nutritional Rickets with Normal Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D: A Call for Reexamining the Role of Dietary Calcium Intake in North American Infants J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2003; 88(8): 3539 - 3545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Picciano Pregnancy and Lactation: Physiological Adjustments, Nutritional Requirements and the Role of Dietary Supplements J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1997S - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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