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1 From the Human Nutrition Unit, School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Australia.
Reliable tables of glycemic index (GI) compiled from the scientific literature are instrumental in improving the quality of research examining the relation between GI, glycemic load, and health. The GI has proven to be a more useful nutritional concept than is the chemical classification of carbohydrate (as simple or complex, as sugars or starches, or as available or unavailable), permitting new insights into the relation between the physiologic effects of carbohydrate-rich foods and health. Several prospective observational studies have shown that the chronic consumption of a diet with a high glycemic load (GI x dietary carbohydrate content) is independently associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. This revised table contains almost 3 times the number of foods listed in the original table (first published in this Journal in 1995) and contains nearly 1300 data entries derived from published and unpublished verified sources, representing > 750 different types of foods tested with the use of standard methods. The revised table also lists the glycemic load associated with the consumption of specified serving sizes of different foods.
Key Words: Glycemic index • carbohydrates • diabetes • glycemic load
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R. G Moses, M. Luebcke, W. S Davis, K. J Coleman, L. C Tapsell, P. Petocz, and J. C Brand-Miller Effect of a low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 807 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Hare-Bruun, A. Flint, and B. L Heitmann Glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body weight, body fat distribution, and body composition in adult Danes. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2006; 84(4): 871 - 879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Baschetti, Y. Ma, B. C. Olendzki, A. R. Hafner, D. E. Chiriboga, W. Li, J. R. Hebert, Y. Li, K. Leung, and I. S. Ockene Carbohydrate intake, serum lipids, and evolution. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., October 1, 2006; 25(5): 437 - 438. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Lau, U. Toft, I. Tetens, B. Richelsen, T. Jorgensen, K. Borch-Johnsen, and C. Glumer Association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and body mass index in the Inter99 study: is underreporting a problem? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 641 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Giugliano, A. Ceriello, and K. Esposito The Effects of Diet on Inflammation: Emphasis on the Metabolic Syndrome J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 677 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. S Malik, M. B Schulze, and F. B Hu Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 274 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J Stevenson, C. Williams, L. E Mash, B. Phillips, and M. L Nute Influence of high-carbohydrate mixed meals with different glycemic indexes on substrate utilization during subsequent exercise in women. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 354 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. C. Casiraghi, M. Garsetti, G. Testolin, and F. Brighenti Post-Prandial Responses to Cereal Products Enriched with Barley {beta}-Glucan. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2006; 25(4): 313 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. McMillan-Price, P. Petocz, F. Atkinson, K. O'Neill, S. Samman, K. Steinbeck, I. Caterson, and J. Brand-Miller Comparison of 4 diets of varying glycemic load on weight loss and cardiovascular risk reduction in overweight and obese young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med, July 24, 2006; 166(14): 1466 - 1475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Hu, G. Block, E. P Norkus, J. D Morrow, M. Dietrich, and M. Hudes Relations of glycemic index and glycemic load with plasma oxidative stress markers Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 70 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Valtuena, N. Pellegrini, D. Ardigo, D. Del Rio, F. Numeroso, F. Scazzina, L. Monti, I. Zavaroni, and F. Brighenti Dietary glycemic index and liver steatosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 136 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. E. Buyken, Y. Kellerhoff, S. Hahn, A. Kroke, and T. Remer Urinary C-Peptide Excretion in Free-Living Healthy Children Is Related to Dietary Carbohydrate Intake but Not to the Dietary Glycemic Index J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1828 - 1833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Wolever, M. Yang, X. Y. Zeng, F. Atkinson, and J. C Brand-Miller Food glycemic index, as given in Glycemic Index tables, is a significant determinant of glycemic responses elicited by composite breakfast meals Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1306 - 1312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. D. Reynolds and D. Spruijt-Metz Translational Research in Childhood Obesity Prevention Eval Health Prof, June 1, 2006; 29(2): 219 - 245. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. L. Neuhouser, L. F. Tinker, C. Thomson, B. Caan, L. V. Horn, L. Snetselaar, L. M. Parker, R. E. Patterson, R. Robinson-O'Brien, S. A. A. Beresford, et al. Development of a Glycemic Index Database for Food Frequency Questionnaires Used in Epidemiologic Studies J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1604 - 1609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. McCarl, L. Harnack, P. J. Limburg, K. E. Anderson, and A. R. Folsom Incidence of colorectal cancer in relation to glycemic index and load in a cohort of women. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2006; 15(5): 892 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Murakami, S. Sasaki, Y. Takahashi, H. Okubo, Y. Hosoi, H. Horiguchi, E. Oguma, and F. Kayama Dietary glycemic index and load in relation to metabolic risk factors in Japanese female farmers with traditional dietary habits Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-J. Chiu, R. C Milton, G. Gensler, and A. Taylor Dietary carbohydrate intake and glycemic index in relation to cortical and nuclear lens opacities in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1177 - 1184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Schulz, A. D. Liese, F. Fang, T. S. Gilliard, and A. J. Karter Is the Association Between Dietary Glycemic Index and Type 2 Diabetes Modified by Waist Circumference? Diabetes Care, May 1, 2006; 29(5): 1102 - 1104. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Venn, A. J. Wallace, J. A. Monro, T. Perry, R. Brown, C. Frampton, and T. J. Green The Glycemic Load Estimated from the Glycemic Index Does Not Differ Greatly from That Measured Using a Standard Curve in Healthy Volunteers J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1377 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Ma, J. A Griffith, L. Chasan-Taber, B. C Olendzki, E. Jackson, E. J Stanek III, W. Li, S. L Pagoto, A. R Hafner, and I. S Ockene Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2006; 83(4): 760 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-J. Chiu, L. D Hubbard, J. Armstrong, G. Rogers, P. F Jacques, L. T Chylack Jr, S. E Hankinson, W. C Willett, and A. Taylor Dietary glycemic index and carbohydrate in relation to early age-related macular degeneration. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2006; 83(4): 880 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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