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Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanol-extracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor ß₁ concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects^1,2,3

¹ From the Nutrition, Food and Health Research Centre, King’s College London, London (TABS, TSD, and HW); the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (DG); and the Medical Research Council Epidemiology and Medical Care Unit, Wolfson Institute, St Bartholomew’s and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London (GJM).

Background: Soybeans contain estrogenic isoflavones that may influence plasma concentrations of transforming growth factor ß₁ (TGF-ß₁) and plasma lipid and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Objective: We compared the effects of moderate intakes of soy protein containing intact phytoestrogens (high-isoflavone diet) and soy protein from which most of the phytoestrogens had been extracted (low-isoflavone diet) on active TGF-ß₁ concentrations and plasma lipid and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Design: A randomized crossover trial was conducted in 22 young, healthy, normolipidemic subjects (5 men and 17 women) who consumed diets providing 56 or 2 mg isoflavones/d for 17 d each with a 25-d washout period between treatments. Fasting blood samples were obtained on days 13 and 14 of each treatment to measure plasma isoflavone, lipid, fibrinogen, and active TGF-ß₁ concentrations and factor VII coagulant and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activities.

Results: Plasma isoflavone concentrations were 100–999 times greater after the high-isoflavone diet than after the low-isoflavone diet (P < 0.05). Plasma HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were 4% (95% CI: 1%, 8%) and 6% (95% CI: 3%, 10%) higher, respectively, after the high-isoflavone diet than after the low-isoflavone diet (P < 0.01 for both).

Conclusion: Compared with soy protein from which most of the phytoestrogens have been extracted, soy protein with intact phytoestrogens increases HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations but does not influence LDL-cholesterol, TGF-ß₁, or fibrinogen concentrations; factor VII coagulant activity; or plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity in normolipidemic, healthy subjects.

Key Words: Isoflavones • phytoestrogens • genistein • transforming growth factor ß 1 • plasma lipids • lipoproteins • factor VII coagulant • fibrinogen • plasminogen activator inhibitor • soy • coronary heart disease • coronary artery disease

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