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Original Research Communication |
1 From the Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston (VAH, WRF, RR, WJE, and MAFS); the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston (WRF); the Nutrition, Metabolism and Exercise Laboratory, Donald W Reynolds Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and VA Medical Center, North Little Rock, AR (WJE); the School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia (MAFS); and the Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Roslindale, MA (MAFS).
Background: Estimates of body-composition change in older adults are mostly derived from cross-sectional data.
Objective: We examined the natural longitudinal patterns of change in fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) in older adults and explored the effect of physical activity, weight change, and age on these changes.
Design: The body composition measured by hydrodensitometry and the level of sports and recreational activity (SRA) of 53 men and 78 women with a mean (±SD) initial age of 60.7 ± 7.8 y were examined on 2 occasions separated by a mean (±SD) time of 9.4 ± 1.4 y.
Results: FFM decreased in men (2.0% per decade) but not in women, whereas FM increased similarly in both sexes (7.5% per decade). Levels of SRA decreased more in men than in women over the follow-up period. Baseline age and level of SRA were inversely and independently associated with changes in FM in women only. Neither age nor level of SRA was associated with changes in FFM in men or women. Weight-stable subjects lost FFM. FFM accounted for 19% of body weight in those who gained weight, even in the presence of decreased levels of SRA. Loss of FFM (33% of body weight) was pronounced in those who lost weight, despite median SRA levels >4184 kJ/wk.
Conclusions: On average, FM increased; however, the increase in women was attenuated with advancing age. The decrease in FFM over the follow-up period was small and masked the wide interindividual variation that was dependent on the magnitude of weight change. The contribution of weight stability, modest weight gains, or lifestyle changes that include regular resistance exercise in attenuating lean-tissue loss with age should be explored.
Key Words: Aging • weight change • sarcopenia • fat mass • fat-free mass • sports • recreational activity
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