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Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids -tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults^1,2,3

¹ From the Center for Human Nutrition (DJO, SD, SMG, and IJ) and the Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Human Metabolism, Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine (SD and IJ), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

Background: Concord grape juice (CGJ) is a rich source of flavonoids, which have greater antioxidant efficacy in vitro than does -tocopherol; however, the efficacies of flavonoids and -tocopherol in vivo have not been compared.

Objective: We compared the in vivo antioxidant efficacy of CGJ with that of -tocopherol in healthy adults.

Design: Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 400 IU RRR--tocopherol/d (n = 17) or 10 mL CGJ · kg^-1 · d^-1 (n = 15) for 2 wk. Serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity, plasma protein carbonyls, urinary F₂-isoprostanes, and resistance of LDL to ex vivo oxidation were measured before and after supplementation as markers of antioxidant status and oxidative stress.

Results: After supplementation, plasma -tocopherol increased 92% in subjects who received -tocopherol (P < 0.001); plasma total and conjugated phenols increased 17% (P < 0.01) and 22% (P < 0.001), respectively, in subjects who received CGJ. There was a significant change in plasma triacylglycerols in both groups, but the concentrations were within the normal range. CGJ supplementation was associated with significantly higher triacylglycerols than was -tocopherol supplementation. Both supplementation regimens significantly increased serum oxygen radical absorbance capacity (P < 0.001) and LDL lag time (P < 0.001) and significantly decreased the LDL oxidation rate (P < 0.01), with no significant difference in effectiveness. Protein carbonyl concentrations in native plasma decreased 20% after CGJ supplementation, which was a significantly different response than that after -tocopherol supplementation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: In healthy adults, 10 mL CGJ · kg^-1 · d^-1 increased serum antioxidant capacity and protected LDL against oxidation to an extent similar to that obtained with 400 IU -tocopherol/d but decreased native plasma protein oxidation significantly more than did -tocopherol. CGJ flavonoids are potent antioxidants that may protect against oxidative stress and reduce the risk of free radical damage and chronic diseases.

Key Words: Antioxidant • -tocopherol • grape juice • flavonoids • LDL oxidation • oxygen radical absorbance capacity • protein carbonyls • urinary F2-isoprostanes

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