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Original Research Communication |
1 From Creighton University, Omaha (RPH, KMD, and MJB-L), and Boston University (TCC and MFH).
Background: The cholecalciferol inputs required to achieve or maintain any given serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration are not known, particularly within ranges comparable to the probable physiologic supply of the vitamin.
Objectives: The objectives were to establish the quantitative relation between steady state cholecalciferol input and the resulting serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration and to estimate the proportion of the daily requirement during winter that is met by cholecalciferol reserves in body tissue stores.
Design: Cholecalciferol was administered daily in controlled oral doses labeled at 0, 25, 125, and 250 µg cholecalciferol for 
20 wk during the winter to 67 men living in Omaha (41.2° N latitude). The time course of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was measured at intervals over the course of treatment.
Results: From a mean baseline value of 70.3 nmol/L, equilibrium concentrations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol changed during the winter months in direct proportion to the dose, with a slope of 0.70 nmol/L for each additional 1 µg cholecalciferol input. The calculated oral input required to sustain the serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration present before the study (ie, in the autumn) was 12.5 µg (500 IU)/d, whereas the total amount from all sources (supplement, food, tissue stores) needed to sustain the starting 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration was estimated at 96 µg (3800 IU)/d. By difference, the tissue stores provided 78–82 µg/d.
Conclusions: Healthy men seem to use 3000–5000 IU cholecalciferol/d, apparently meeting > 80% of their winter cholecalciferol need with cutaneously synthesized accumulations from solar sources during the preceding summer months. Current recommended vitamin D inputs are inadequate to maintain serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol concentration in the absence of substantial cutaneous production of vitamin D.
Key Words: Vitamin D • cholecalciferol • 25-hydroxycholecalciferol • nutrient requirement • parathyroid hormone • seasonal variation • tolerable upper input level
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S. J. Whiting and M. S. Calvo Dietary Recommendations for Vitamin D: a Critical Need for Functional End Points to Establish an Estimated Average Requirement J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 304 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. W. Hollis Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Indicative of Vitamin D Sufficiency: Implications for Establishing a New Effective Dietary Intake Recommendation for Vitamin D J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 317 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Hanley and K. S. Davison Vitamin D Insufficiency in North America J. Nutr., February 1, 2005; 135(2): 332 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P Heaney Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1706S - 1709S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M Weaver and J. C Fleet Vitamin D requirements: current and future Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1735S - 1739S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. W Hollis and C. L Wagner Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1752S - 1758S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. T. Cantorna and B. D. Mahon Mounting Evidence for Vitamin D as an Environmental Factor Affecting Autoimmune Disease Prevalence Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2004; 229(11): 1136 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. G. Armas, B. W. Hollis, and R. P. Heaney Vitamin D2 Is Much Less Effective than Vitamin D3 in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5387 - 5391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. L Newmark, R. P Heaney, and P. A Lachance Should calcium and vitamin D be added to the current enrichment program for cereal-grain products? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2004; 80(2): 264 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. H. Bjarnason, A. S. Chan, S. M. Ott, S. L. Ruggiero, B. Mehrotra, H. G. Bone, and A. C. Santora Ten Years of Alendronate Treatment for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women N. Engl. J. Med., July 8, 2004; 351(2): 190 - 192. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. W Hollis and C. L Wagner Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 717 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F Holick Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2004; 79(3): 362 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Weaver 2003 W. O. Atwater Memorial Lecture: Defining Nutrient Requirements from a Perspective of Bone-Related Nutrients J. Nutr., December 1, 2003; 133(12): 4063 - 4066. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. F. Holick Vitamin D Deficiency: What a Pain It Is Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1457 - 1459. [PDF]
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G. A. Plotnikoff and J. M. Quigley Prevalence of Severe Hypovitaminosis D in Patients With Persistent, Nonspecific Musculoskeletal Pain Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2003; 78(12): 1463 - 1470. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. Zittermann Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to oral vitamin D intake in children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 496 - 497. [Full Text] [PDF]
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