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Development of bioelectrical impedance analysis prediction equations for body composition with the use of a multicomponent model for use in epidemiologic surveys^1,3,4

¹ From the Department of Community Health, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH (SSS and WCC); the Obesity Research Center, St Lukes–Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York (SBH); the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND (HCL); Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison (DS); the Military Operational Medicine Program, Military Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick, MD (KF); the National Institutes of Health, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition (RJK) and the Division of Nutrition Research (VSH), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health Examination Statistics, Hyattsville, MD (KMF and CLJ).

Background: Previous studies to develop and validate bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to predict body composition were limited by small sample sizes, sex specificity, and reliance on reference methods that use a 2-component model.

Objective: This study was designed to develop sex-specific BIA equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) with the use of a multicomponent model for children and adults.

Design: Data from 5 centers were pooled to create a sample of 1474 whites and 355 blacks aged 12–94 y. TBW was measured by dilution, and FFM was estimated with a multicomponent model based on densitometry, isotope dilution, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results: The final race-combined TBW prediction equations included stature²/resistance and body weight (R² = 0.84 and 0.79 and root mean square errors of 3.8 and 2.6 L for males and females, respectively; CV: 8%) and tended to underpredict TBW in black males (2.0 L) and females (1.4 L) and to overpredict TBW in white males (0.5 L) and females (0.3 L). The race-combined FFM prediction equations contained the same independent variables (R² = 0.90 and 0.83 and root mean square errors of 3.9 and 2.9 kg for males and females, respectively; CV: 6%) and tended to underpredict FFM in black males (2.1 kg) and females (1.6 kg) and to overpredict FFM in white males (0.4 kg) and females (0.3 kg).

Conclusion: These equations have excellent precision and are recommended for use in epidemiologic studies to describe normal levels of body composition.

Key Words: Bioelectrical impedance analysis • prediction equations • total body water • fat-free mass • multicomponent model • epidemiologic surveys

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