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Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men^1,2,3,4

¹ From the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston (SLB, KLT, and BD-H); the Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Research and Training Institute, Harvard Medical School, Division on Aging, Boston (KEB, MTH, RRM, and DPK); the Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston (DRG and LAC); and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA (PWFW).

Background: Low dietary vitamin K intake has been associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in men and women. Few data exist on the association between dietary vitamin K intake and bone mineral density (BMD).

Objective: We studied cross-sectional associations between self-reported dietary vitamin K intake and BMD of the hip and spine in men and women aged 29–86 y.

Design: BMD was measured at the hip and spine in 1112 men and 1479 women ( ± SD age: 59 ± 9 y) who participated in the Framingham Heart Study (1996–2000). Dietary and supplemental intakes of vitamin K were assessed with the use of a food-frequency questionnaire. Additional covariates included age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity score, and menopause status and current estrogen use among the women.

Results: Women in the lowest quartile of vitamin K intake (: 70.2 µg/d) had significantly (P 0.005) lower mean (± SEM) BMD at the femoral neck (0.854 ± 0.006 g/cm²) and spine (1.140 ± 0.010 g/cm²) than did those in the highest quartile of vitamin K intake (: 309 µg/d): 0.888 ± 0.006 and 1.190 ± 0.010 g/cm², respectively. These associations remained after potential confounders were controlled for and after stratification by age or supplement use. No significant association was found between dietary vitamin K intake and BMD in men.

Conclusions: Low dietary vitamin K intake was associated with low BMD in women, consistent with previous reports that low dietary vitamin K intake is associated with an increased risk of hip fracture. In contrast, there was no association between dietary vitamin K intake and BMD in men.

Key Words: Vitamin K intake • bone mineral density • hip • spine • Framingham Heart Study

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