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Original Research Communication |
1 From the Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom (YEF, AMM, ECL-F, and CMW); the Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (SK and PCC); the Unilever Health Institute, Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (GWM); and Roche Vitamins Ltd, Basel, Switzerland (RM).
Background: Dietary 
-linolenic acid (ALA) can be converted to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in humans and may reproduce some of the beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of increased dietary intakes of ALA and EPA+DHA on a range of atherogenic risk factors.
Design: This was a placebo-controlled, parallel study involving 150 moderately hyperlipidemic subjects randomly assigned to 1 of 5 interventions: 0.8 or 1.7 g EPA+DHA/d, 4.5 or 9.5 g ALA/d, or an n-6 PUFA control for 6 mo. Fatty acids were incorporated into 25 g of fat spread and 3 capsules to be consumed daily.
Results: The change in fasting or postprandial lipid, glucose, or insulin concentrations or in blood pressure was not significantly different after any of the n-3 PUFA interventions compared with the n-6 PUFA control. The mean (± SEM) change in fasting triacylglycerols after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention (-7.7 ± 4.99%) was significantly (P < 0.05) different from the change after the 9.5-g/d ALA intervention (10.9 ± 4.5%). The ex vivo susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was higher after the 1.7-g/d EPA+DHA intervention than after the control and ALA interventions (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in plasma -tocopherol concentrations or in whole plasma antioxidant status in any of the groups.
Conclusion: At estimated biologically equivalent intakes, dietary ALA and EPA+DHA have different physiologic effects.
Key Words: -Linolenic acid • eicosapentaenoic acid • docosahexaenoic acid • polyunsaturated fatty acids • n-3 fatty acids • lipids • plasma fatty acid • LDL oxidation • moderately hyperlipidemic subjects • triacylglycerol
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