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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 77, No. 4, 819-825, April 2003
© 2003 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

Original Research Communication

Dietary linolenic acid and carotid atherosclerosis: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study1,2,3

Luc Djoussé, Aaron R Folsom, Michael A Province, Steven C Hunt and R Curtis Ellison

1 From the Section of Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (LD and RCE); the Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (ARF); the Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, St Louis (MAP); and the Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (SCH).

Background: Dietary intake of linolenic acid is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality. However, it is unknown whether linolenic acid is associated with a lower risk of carotid atherosclerosis.

Objective: The objective was to examine the association between dietary linolenic acid and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques and the intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries.

Design: In a cross-sectional design, we studied 1575 white participants of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study who were free of coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. High-resolution ultrasound was used to assess intima-media thickness and the presence of carotid plaques beginning 1 cm below to 1 cm above the carotid bulb. We used logistic regression and a generalized linear model for the analyses.

Results: From the lowest to the highest quartile of linolenic acid intake, the prevalence odds ratio (95% CI) of a carotid plaque was 1.0 (reference), 0.47 (0.30, 0.73), 0.38 (0.22, 0.66), and 0.49 (0.26, 0.94), respectively, in a model that adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, waist-to-hip ratio, education, field center, smoking, and the consumption of linoleic acid, saturated fat, fish, and vegetables. Linoleic acid, fish long-chain fatty acids, and fish consumption were not significantly related to carotid artery disease. Linolenic acid was inversely related to thickness of the internal and bifurcation segments of the carotid arteries but not to the common carotid artery.

Conclusion: Higher consumption of total linolenic acid is associated with a lower prevalence odds of carotid plaques and with lesser thickness of segment-specific carotid intima-media thickness.

Key Words: Linolenic acid • n-3 fatty acids • n-6 fatty acids • diet • carotid artery disease • National Heart • Lung • and Blood Institute Family Heart Study




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