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Prostaglandin E₂ production and T cell function after fish-oil supplementation: response to antioxidant cosupplementation^1,2,3

¹ From the Institute of Human Nutrition (TMT, SAW, EAM, MAS, GCB, and PCC) and Medical Statistics, Health Care Research Unit (MM), School of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom; the Medical Research Council Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, United Kingdom (NKA); and the Department of Adult and Paediatric Gastroenterology, St Bartholomews and the Royal London Hospital, Queen Mary’s School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London (ABB).

Background: Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and the production of interferon- (IFN-) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but the effect of PGE₂ on interleukin 4 (IL-4) production is unclear. Fish oil, which contains eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, inhibits production of PGE₂. The effects of fish oil on lymphocyte proliferation and production of IFN- and IL-4 are unclear and may be influenced by the availability of antioxidants.

Objective: We investigated the effect of dietary fish oil with and without antioxidant cosupplementation on lymphocyte proliferation and the production of PGE₂, IFN-, and IL-4 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Design: Sixteen healthy men received dietary fish-oil supplements providing 0.3, 1, and 2 g eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid/d for 4 consecutive weeks each (total of 12 wk). All subjects were randomly assigned to daily cosupplementation with either antioxidants (200 µg Se, 3 mg Mn, 30 mg RRR--tocopheryl succinate, 90 mg ascorbic acid, 450 µg vitamin A) or placebo.

Results: Fish-oil supplementation decreased PGE₂ production and increased IFN- production and lymphocyte proliferation from baseline values. Cosupplementation with antioxidants did not affect cytokine production or lymphocyte proliferation.

Conclusion: Dietary fish oil modulates production of IFN- and lymphocyte proliferation in a manner consistent with decreased production of PGE₂, but this effect is not modified by antioxidant cosupplementation.

Key Words: Fish oil • lymphocyte proliferation • prostaglandin E2 • interferon- • interleukin 4

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