| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
1 From the Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis (LMS, DRJ, ES, and ARF); the Institute of Nutrition, University of Oslo (DRJ); the Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (JS); and the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson (TC).
Background: Recent epidemiologic study results showed that subjects who had high intakes of whole-grain foods had lower risks of death and heart disease than did subjects who had low intakes. However, the findings were inconsistent for fruit and vegetable intake.
Objective: The relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of total mortality and the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke were studied in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort (baseline: age 45–64 y, n = 15 792).
Design: Proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the relations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable intakes with the risk of death and the incidence of CAD and ischemic stroke, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, energy intake, and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Dietary intakes were assessed by using a food-frequency questionnaire.
Results: Over an 11-y follow-up period, whole-grain intake was inversely associated with total mortality and incident CAD. The relative hazards of death for quintiles 2–5 of fruit and vegetable intake were 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.33), 0.94 (0.75, 1.17), 0.87 (0.68, 1.10), and 0.78 (0.61, 1.01), respectively; P for trend = 0.02. An inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and CAD was observed among African Americans but not among whites (P for interaction = 0.01). The risk of ischemic stroke was not significantly related to whole-grain, refined-grain, or fruit and vegetable consumption.
Conclusion: These observational findings suggest a beneficial effect of whole-grain and fruit and vegetable consumption on the risks of total mortality and incident CAD but not on the risk of ischemic stroke.
Key Words: Whole grain • fruit and vegetables • coronary artery disease • stroke • all-cause mortality
Related articles in AJCN:
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. Steinberger, S. R. Daniels, R. H. Eckel, L. Hayman, R. H. Lustig, B. McCrindle, and M. L. Mietus-Snyder Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 3, 2009; 119(4): 628 - 647. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kaushik, J. J. Wang, T. Y. Wong, V. Flood, A. Barclay, J. Brand-Miller, and P. Mitchell Glycemic Index, Retinal Vascular Caliber, and Stroke Mortality Stroke, January 1, 2009; 40(1): 206 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bo, G. Ciccone, S. Guidi, R. Gambino, M. Durazzo, L. Gentile, M. Cassader, P. Cavallo-Perin, and G. Pagano Diet or exercise: what is more effective in preventing or reducing metabolic alterations? Eur. J. Endocrinol., December 1, 2008; 159(6): 685 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A Nettleton, A. Diez-Roux, N. S Jenny, A. L Fitzpatrick, and D. R Jacobs Jr Dietary patterns, food groups, and telomere length in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2008; 88(5): 1405 - 1412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Nettleton, M. B Schulze, R. Jiang, N. S Jenny, G. L Burke, and D. R Jacobs Jr A priori-defined dietary patterns and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2008; 88(1): 185 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Nothlings, M. B. Schulze, C. Weikert, H. Boeing, Y. T. van der Schouw, C. Bamia, V. Benetou, P. Lagiou, V. Krogh, J. W. J. Beulens, et al. Intake of Vegetables, Legumes, and Fruit, and Risk for All-Cause, Cardiovascular, and Cancer Mortality in a European Diabetic Population J. Nutr., April 1, 2008; 138(4): 775 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L. Lutsey, L. M. Steffen, and J. Stevens Dietary Intake and the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Circulation, February 12, 2008; 117(6): 754 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Andon and J. W. Anderson State of the Art Reviews: The Oatmeal-Cholesterol Connection: 10 Years Later American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 51 - 57. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Takachi, M. Inoue, J. Ishihara, N. Kurahashi, M. Iwasaki, S. Sasazuki, H. Iso, Y. Tsubono, S. Tsugane, and for the JPHC Study Group Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Total Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2008; 167(1): 59 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kan, J. Stevens, G. Heiss, R. Klein, K. M Rose, and S. J London Dietary fiber intake and retinal vascular caliber in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2007; 86(6): 1626 - 1632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Wang, J M. Gaziano, S. Liu, J. E Manson, J. E Buring, and H. D Sesso Whole- and refined-grain intakes and the risk of hypertension in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2007; 86(2): 472 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B Mellen, A. D Liese, J. A Tooze, M. Z Vitolins, L. E Wagenknecht, and D. M Herrington Whole-grain intake and carotid artery atherosclerosis in a multiethnic cohort: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1495 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R Jacobs Jr, L. F. Andersen, and R. Blomhoff Whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of noncardiovascular, noncancer death attributed to inflammatory diseases in the Iowa Women's Health Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1606 - 1614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Agudo, L. Cabrera, P. Amiano, E. Ardanaz, A. Barricarte, T. Berenguer, M. D Chirlaque, M. Dorronsoro, P. Jakszyn, N. Larranaga, et al. Fruit and vegetable intakes, dietary antioxidant nutrients, and total mortality in Spanish adults: findings from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1634 - 1642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Andersson, S. Tengblad, B. Karlstrom, A. Kamal-Eldin, R. Landberg, S. Basu, P. Aman, and B. Vessby Whole-Grain Foods Do Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity or Markers of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammation in Healthy, Moderately Overweight Subjects J. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 137(6): 1401 - 1407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Steffen, A. R. Folsom, M. Cushman, D. R. Jacobs Jr, and W. D. Rosamond Greater Fish, Fruit, and Vegetable Intakes Are Related to Lower Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism: The Longitudinal Investigation of Thromboembolism Etiology Circulation, January 16, 2007; 115(2): 188 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Semba, R. Varadhan, B. Bartali, L. Ferrucci, M. O. Ricks, C. Blaum, and L. P. Fried Low serum carotenoids and development of severe walking disability among older women living in the community: the Women's Health and Aging Study I Age Ageing, January 1, 2007; 36(1): 62 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. Tran, C. Diorio, S. Berube, M. Pollak, and J. Brisson Relation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and IGF-binding protein 3 concentrations with intakes of fruit, vegetables, and antioxidants Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1518 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Wiberg, J. Sundstrom, J. Arnlov, A. Terent, B. Vessby, B. Zethelius, and L. Lind Metabolic Risk Factors for Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks in Middle-Aged Men: A Community-Based Study With Long-Term Follow-Up Stroke, December 1, 2006; 37(12): 2898 - 2903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bo, M. Durazzo, S. Guidi, M. Carello, C. Sacerdote, B. Silli, R. Rosato, M. Cassader, L. Gentile, and G. Pagano Dietary magnesium and fiber intakes and inflammatory and metabolic indicators in middle-aged subjects from a population-based cohort. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1062 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Dauchet, P. Amouyel, S. Hercberg, and J. Dallongeville Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies J. Nutr., October 1, 2006; 136(10): 2588 - 2593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Adams, D. L. Golden, H. Chen, T. C. Register, and E. T. Gugger A Diet Rich in Green and Yellow Vegetables Inhibits Atherosclerosis in Mice J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1886 - 1889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L Lutsey, L. M Steffen, H. A Feldman, D. H Hoelscher, L. S Webber, R. V Luepker, L. A Lytle, M. Zive, and S. K Osganian Serum homocysteine is related to food intake in adolescents: the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1380 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Semba, B. Bartali, J. Zhou, C. Blaum, C.-W. Ko, and L. P. Fried Low serum micronutrient concentrations predict frailty among older women living in the community. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2006; 61(6): 594 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K Jensen, P. Koh-Banerjee, M. Franz, L. Sampson, M. Gronbaek, and E. B Rimm Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation 1 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R Sahyoun, P. F Jacques, X. L Zhang, W. Juan, and N. M McKeown Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2006; 83(1): 124 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M Steffen, C. H Kroenke, X. Yu, M. A Pereira, M. L Slattery, L. Van Horn, M. D Gross, and D. R Jacobs Jr Associations of plant food, dairy product, and meat intakes with 15-y incidence of elevated blood pressure in young black and white adults: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1169 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Dauchet, P. Amouyel, and J. Dallongeville Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: A meta-analysis of cohort studies Neurology, October 25, 2005; 65(8): 1193 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.A. Iestra, D. Kromhout, Y.T. van der Schouw, D.E. Grobbee, H.C. Boshuizen, and W.A. van Staveren Effect Size Estimates of Lifestyle and Dietary Changes on All-Cause Mortality in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Systematic Review Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 924 - 934. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Anderson Whole grains and coronary heart disease: the whole kernel of truth Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1459 - 1460. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K Jensen, P. Koh-Banerjee, F. B Hu, M. Franz, L. Sampson, M. Gronbaek, and E. B Rimm Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1492 - 1499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. T Fung and F. B Hu Plant-based diets: what should be on the plate? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 357 - 358. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
