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ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
1 From the Centre for Advanced Food Studies, Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark (JU, LL, and KFM), and the Department of Pharmacology, Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen (JU and HSH).
Background: Blood pressure tracks from childhood into adulthood, and early diet may have long-term effects on hypertension.
Objective: The study's aim was to investigate whether intakes of n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n–3 LC-PUFAs) during lactation and current intakes of macronutrients affect blood pressure in 2.5-y-old Danish children.
Design: Mothers (n =122) with low fish intakes were randomly assigned to receive supplementation with 4.5 g fish oil or olive oil/d during the first 4 mo of lactation. The trial also included 53 mothers with high fish intakes. One hundred five of these women's children attended a 2.5-y follow-up examination at which anthropometric data and blood pressure were obtained. Mothers then kept a 7-d dietary record of food consumed by their children. A full set of data from 73 children was analyzed for effects of fish oil supplementation and cross-sectional correlations with current diet.
Results: We found no significant effect of the mothers' fish oil intakes during the first 4 mo of lactation on the blood pressure of the children 2.5 y later. Greater protein intakes measured as a percentage of energy were associated cross-sectionally with significantly lower diastolic and systolic blood pressures in the children at age 2.5 y after control for outdoor temperature, age, sex, weight, and height (P = 0.028 and 0.035, respectively). Greater protein intakes measured as g/d were also associated with significantly lower systolic blood pressures (P = 0.008). A 1-SD increase in protein intake corresponded with a decrease of 
3 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure.
Conclusion: The blood pressure of young Danish children was not significantly affected by intakes of n–3 LC-PUFAs via breast milk, but greater protein intakes at 2.5 y were associated with lower blood pressure.
Key Words: Diet • protein • breast milk • long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids • monounsaturated fatty acids • systolic blood pressure • diastolic blood pressure
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