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ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
-tocopherol in normocholesterolemic humans1,2
1 From the Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, Lausanne, Switzerland (MR, ME, CH, IT, J-PG, AB, SM, SQ, CP-W, LS, HG, and LBF) and Nestlé Product Technology, Centre Konolfingen, Konolfingen, Switzerland (MG)
Background: Plant sterols reduce cholesterol absorption, which leads to a decrease in plasma and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. Plant sterols also lower plasma concentrations of carotenoids and 
-tocopherol, but the mechanism of action is not yet understood.
Objectives: The aims of this clinical study were to determine whether plant sterols affect the bioavailability of ß-carotene and -tocopherol in normocholesterolemic men and to compare the effects of plant sterol esters and plant free sterols on cholesterol absorption.
Design: Twenty-six normocholesterolemic men completed the double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Subjects consumed daily, for 1 wk, each of the following 3 supplements: a low-fat milk-based beverage alone (control) or the same beverage supplemented with 2.2 g plant sterol equivalents provided as either free sterols or sterol esters. During this 1-wk supplementation period, subjects consumed a standardized diet.
Results: Both of the milks enriched with plant sterols induced a similar (60%) decrease in cholesterol absorption. Plant free sterols and plant sterol esters reduced the bioavailability of ß-carotene by 
50% and that of -tocopherol by 20%. The reduction in ß-carotene bioavailability was significantly less with plant free sterols than with plant sterol esters. At the limit of significance (P = 0.054) in the area under the curve, the reduction in -tocopherol bioavailability was also less with plant free sterols than with plant sterol esters.
Conclusions: Both plant sterols reduced ß-carotene and -tocopherol bioavailability and cholesterol absorption in normocholesterolemic men. However, plant sterol esters reduced the bioavailability of ß-carotene and -tocopherol more than did plant free sterols.
Key Words: Plant sterol • cholesterol • absorption • vitamin E • tocopherol • carotenoids
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