AJCN EB Program 2010
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Holick, M. F
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Holick, M. F
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Holick, M. F
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 80, No. 6, 1678S-1688S, December 2004
© 2004 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

VITAMIN D AND HEALTH IN THE 21ST CENTURY: BONE AND BEYOND

Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease1,2,3,4

Michael F Holick

1 From the Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston

ABSTRACT

Most humans depend on sun exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D. Solar ultraviolet B photons are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, leading to its transformation to previtamin D3, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D3. Season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, aging, sunscreen use, and glass all influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Once formed, vitamin D3 is metabolized in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and then in the kidney to its biologically active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D deficiency is an unrecognized epidemic among both children and adults in the United States. Vitamin D deficiency not only causes rickets among children but also precipitates and exacerbates osteoporosis among adults and causes the painful bone disease osteomalacia. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risks of deadly cancers, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Maintaining blood concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D above 80 nmol/L (~30 ng/mL) not only is important for maximizing intestinal calcium absorption but also may be important for providing the extrarenal 1{alpha}-hydroxylase that is present in most tissues to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Although chronic excessive exposure to sunlight increases the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer, the avoidance of all direct sun exposure increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency, which can have serious consequences. Monitoring serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations yearly should help reveal vitamin D deficiencies. Sensible sun exposure (usually 5–10 min of exposure of the arms and legs or the hands, arms, and face, 2 or 3 times per week) and increased dietary and supplemental vitamin D intakes are reasonable approaches to guarantee vitamin D sufficiency.

Key Words: Vitamin D • sunlight • cancer • diabetes • bone




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J Am Board Fam MedHome page
T. Kulie, A. Groff, J. Redmer, J. Hounshell, and S. Schrager
Vitamin D: An Evidence-Based Review
J Am Board Fam Med, November 1, 2009; 22(6): 698 - 706.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
R. T. Wilson, J. Wang, V. Chinchilli, J. P. Richie, J. Virtamo, L. E. Moore, and D. Albanes
Fish, Vitamin D, and Flavonoids in Relation to Renal Cell Cancer Among Smokers
Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2009; 170(6): 717 - 729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anticancer ResHome page
M. THILL, D. FISCHER, S. BECKER, T. CORDES, C. DITTMER, K. DIEDRICH, D. SALEHIN, and M. FRIEDRICH
Prostaglandin Metabolizing Enzymes in Correlation with Vitamin D Receptor in Benign and Malignant Breast Cell Lines
Anticancer Res, September 1, 2009; 29(9): 3619 - 3625.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
K. M Seamans and K. D Cashman
Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2009; 89(6): 1997S - 2008S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
L. M. Bodnar, M. A. Krohn, and H. N. Simhan
Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
J. Nutr., June 1, 2009; 139(6): 1157 - 1161.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
K. D Cashman, J. M. Wallace, G. Horigan, T. R Hill, M. S Barnes, A. J Lucey, M. P Bonham, N. Taylor, E. M Duffy, K. Seamans, et al.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in free-living adults >=64 y of age
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1366 - 1374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Schizophr BullHome page
D. K. Kinney, P. Teixeira, D. Hsu, S. C. Napoleon, D. J. Crowley, A. Miller, W. Hyman, and E. Huang
Relation of Schizophrenia Prevalence to Latitude, Climate, Fish Consumption, Infant Mortality, and Skin Color: A Role for Prenatal Vitamin D Deficiency and Infections?
Schizophr Bull, May 1, 2009; 35(3): 582 - 595.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Am Coll CardiolHome page
J. H. Lee, J. H. O'Keefe, D. Bell, D. D. Hensrud, and M. F. Holick
Vitamin D Deficiency: An Important, Common, and Easily Treatable Cardiovascular Risk Factor?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 9, 2008; 52(24): 1949 - 1956.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. O'Donnell, A. Cranney, T. Horsley, H. A Weiler, S. A Atkinson, D. A Hanley, D. S Ooi, L. Ward, N. Barrowman, M. Fang, et al.
Efficacy of food fortification on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: systematic review
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2008; 88(6): 1528 - 1534.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
K. D Cashman, T. R Hill, A. J Lucey, N. Taylor, K. M Seamans, S. Muldowney, A. P FitzGerald, A. Flynn, M. S Barnes, G. Horigan, et al.
Estimation of the dietary requirement for vitamin D in healthy adults
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2008; 88(6): 1535 - 1542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
G. Jean, J.-C. Terrat, T. Vanel, J.-M. Hurot, C. Lorriaux, B. Mayor, and C. Chazot
Daily oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation for vitamin D deficiency in haemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism and bone markers
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2008; 23(11): 3670 - 3676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S.-M. Orton, A. P Morris, B. M Herrera, S. V Ramagopalan, M. R Lincoln, M. J Chao, R. Vieth, A D. Sadovnick, and G. C Ebers
Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2008; 88(2): 441 - 447.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 PediatricsHome page
M. Misra, D. Pacaud, A. Petryk, P. F. Collett-Solberg, M. Kappy, and on behalf of the Drug and Therapeutics Committee o
Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Management: Review of Current Knowledge and Recommendations
Pediatrics, August 1, 2008; 122(2): 398 - 417.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
S. Mark, K. Gray-Donald, E. E. Delvin, J. O'Loughlin, G. Paradis, E. Levy, and M. Lambert
Low Vitamin D Status in a Representative Sample of Youth From Quebec, Canada
Clin. Chem., August 1, 2008; 54(8): 1283 - 1289.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
L. A. Mucci and D. Spiegelman
Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Risk--A Less Sunny Outlook?
J Natl Cancer Inst, June 4, 2008; 100(11): 759 - 761.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CLIN PEDIATRHome page
J. P. Lazol, N. Cakan, and D. Kamat
10-Year Case Review of Nutritional Rickets in Children's Hospital of Michigan
Clinical Pediatrics, May 1, 2008; 47(4): 379 - 384.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Evid. Based Med.Home page
J. A Simon
Review: vitamin D supplementation decreases all-cause mortality in adults and older people
Evid. Based Med., April 1, 2008; 13(2): 47 - 47.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
A. E Millen and L. M Bodnar
Preface
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 1079S - 1079S.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
A. E Millen and L. M Bodnar
Vitamin D assessment in population-based studies: a review of the issues
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 1102S - 1105S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann Rheum DisHome page
K H Costenbader, D Feskanich, M Holmes, E W Karlson, and E Benito-Garcia
Vitamin D intake and risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women
Ann Rheum Dis, April 1, 2008; 67(4): 530 - 535.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
B. Ewers, A. Gasbjerg, C. Moelgaard, A. M. Frederiksen, and P. Marckmann
Vitamin D status in kidney transplant patients: need for intensified routine supplementation
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2008; 87(2): 431 - 437.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
M. K. Shea, S. L. Booth, J. M. Massaro, P. F. Jacques, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, B. Dawson-Hughes, J. M. Ordovas, C. J. O'Donnell, S. Kathiresan, J. F. Keaney Jr, et al.
Vitamin K and Vitamin D Status: Associations with Inflammatory Markers in the Framingham Offspring Study
Am. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2008; 167(3): 313 - 320.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
A. H. Lichtenstein, H. Rasmussen, W. W. Yu, S. R. Epstein, and R. M. Russell
Modified MyPyramid for Older Adults
J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 5 - 11.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin Med ResHome page
S. Alsafwah, S. P. LaGuardia, M. Arroyo, B. K. Dockery, S. K. Bhattacharya, R. A. Ahokas, and K. P. Newman
Congestive Heart Failure is a Systemic Illness: A Role for Minerals and Micronutrients
Clin. Med. Res., December 1, 2007; 5(4): 238 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
D. M. Freedman, A. C. Looker, S.-C. Chang, and B. I. Graubard
Prospective Study of Serum Vitamin D and Cancer Mortality in the United States
J Natl Cancer Inst, November 7, 2007; 99(21): 1594 - 1602.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
K. D. Cashman
Diet, Nutrition, and Bone Health
J. Nutr., November 1, 2007; 137(11): 2507S - 2512S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
A H Zargar, S Ahmad, S R Masoodi, A I Wani, M I Bashir, B A Laway, and Z A Shah
Vitamin D status in apparently healthy adults in Kashmir Valley of Indian subcontinent
Postgrad. Med. J., November 1, 2007; 83(985): 713 - 716.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 AJPHHome page
K. Rajakumar, S. L. Greenspan, S. B. Thomas, and M. F. Holick
SOLAR Ultraviolet Radiation AND Vitamin D: A Historical Perspective
Am J Public Health, October 1, 2007; 97(10): 1746 - 1754.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
E. Giovannucci
Can Vitamin D Reduce Total Mortality?
Arch Intern Med, September 10, 2007; 167(16): 1709 - 1710.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch. Dis. Child.Home page
A. Dawodu and C. L Wagner
Mother-child vitamin D deficiency: an international perspective
Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 737 - 740.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch. Dis. Child.Home page
A F Williams
Vitamin D in pregnancy: an old problem still to be solved?
Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 740 - 741.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum ReprodHome page
E. Somigliana, P. Panina-Bordignon, S. Murone, P. Di Lucia, P. Vercellini, and P. Vigano
Vitamin D reserve is higher in women with endometriosis
Hum. Reprod., August 1, 2007; 22(8): 2273 - 2278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
M. L. Neuhouser, M. J. Barnett, A. R. Kristal, C. B. Ambrosone, I. King, M. Thornquist, and G. Goodman
(n-6) PUFA Increase and Dairy Foods Decrease Prostate Cancer Risk in Heavy Smokers
J. Nutr., July 1, 2007; 137(7): 1821 - 1827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Intern MedHome page
D. Martins, M. Wolf, D. Pan, A. Zadshir, N. Tareen, R. Thadhani, A. Felsenfeld, B. Levine, R. Mehrotra, and K. Norris
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the Serum Levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: Data From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Arch Intern Med, June 11, 2007; 167(11): 1159 - 1165.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nutr Clin PractHome page
L. Shinchuk and M. F. Holick
Vitamin D and Rehabilitation: Improving Functional Outcomes
Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2007; 22(3): 297 - 304.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 cfpHome page
G. Schwalfenberg
Not enough vitamin D: Health consequences for Canadians
Can Fam Physician, May 1, 2007; 53(5): 841 - 854.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
E. de Vries, I. Soerjomataram, S. Houterman, M. W. J. Louwman, and J. W. W. Coebergh
Decreased Risk of Prostate Cancer after Skin Cancer Diagnosis: A Protective Role of Ultraviolet Radiation?
Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2007; 165(8): 966 - 972.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical SciencesHome page
D. K. Houston, M. Cesari, L. Ferrucci, A. Cherubini, D. Maggio, B. Bartali, M. A. Johnson, G. G. Schwartz, and S. B. Kritchevsky
Association Between Vitamin D Status and Physical Performance: The InCHIANTI Study
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2007; 62(4): 440 - 446.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Postgrad. Med. J.Home page
K. D Cashman
Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence
Postgrad. Med. J., April 1, 2007; 83(978): 230 - 235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
R. M van Dam, M. B Snijder, J. M Dekker, C. D. Stehouwer, L. M Bouter, R. J Heine, and P. Lips
Potentially modifiable determinants of vitamin D status in an older population in the Netherlands: the Hoorn Study
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 755 - 761.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. Hypponen and C. Power
Hypovitaminosis D in British adults at age 45 y: nationwide cohort study of dietary and lifestyle predictors
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 860 - 868.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CarcinogenesisHome page
J. Han, G. A. Colditz, and D. J. Hunter
Polymorphisms in the MTHFR and VDR genes and skin cancer risk
Carcinogenesis, February 1, 2007; 28(2): 390 - 397.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JAMAHome page
K. L. Munger, L. I. Levin, B. W. Hollis, N. S. Howard, and A. Ascherio
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis
JAMA, December 20, 2006; 296(23): 2832 - 2838.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J EpidemiolHome page
E. T. Chang, K. M. Balter, A. Torrang, K. E. Smedby, M. Melbye, C. Sundstrom, B. Glimelius, and H.-O. Adami
Nutrient Intake and Risk of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Am. J. Epidemiol., December 15, 2006; 164(12): 1222 - 1232.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nutr Clin PractHome page
J. M. Hollander and J. I. Mechanick
Nutrition Support and the Chronic Critical Illness Syndrome
Nutr Clin Pract, December 1, 2006; 21(6): 587 - 604.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. N. Ames
Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage
PNAS, November 21, 2006; 103(47): 17589 - 17594.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 The OncologistHome page
T. A. Guise
Bone Loss and Fracture Risk Associated with Cancer Therapy
Oncologist, November 1, 2006; 11(10): 1121 - 1131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. Visser, D. J. Deeg, M. T. Puts, J. C Seidell, and P. Lips
Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admission.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 616 - 622.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Integr Cancer TherHome page
M. F. McCarty and K. I. Block
Toward a Core Nutraceutical Program for Cancer Management
Integr Cancer Ther, June 1, 2006; 5(2): 150 - 171.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
M. F. Holick, E. Giovannucci, J. Wactawski-Wende, G. L. Anderson, and M. O'Sullivan
Calcium plus vitamin D and the risk of colorectal cancer.
N. Engl. J. Med., May 25, 2006; 354(21): 2287 - 2288.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C. B Stephensen, G. S Marquis, L. A Kruzich, S. D Douglas, G. M Aldrovandi, and C. M Wilson
Vitamin D status in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2006; 83(5): 1135 - 1141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
C. M. Kemmis, S. M. Salvador, K. M. Smith, and J. Welsh
Human Mammary Epithelial Cells Express CYP27B1 and Are Growth Inhibited by 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-3, the Major Circulating Form of Vitamin D-3
J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 887 - 892.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int J EpidemiolHome page
K. M Egan
Commentary: Sunlight, vitamin D, and the cancer connection revisited
Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2006; 35(2): 227 - 230.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mayo Clin Proc.Home page
M. F. Holick
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy and Implications for Health
Mayo Clin. Proc., March 1, 2006; 81(3): 353 - 373.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nephrol Dial TransplantHome page
M. Monge, I. Shahapuni, L. Harbouche, P. Moriniere, N. E. Esper, Z. Massy, G. Choukroun, and A. Fournier
Cinacalcet and vascular calcifications induced by calcitriol
Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., February 1, 2006; 21(2): 551 - 552.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
V. Tangpricha, C. Spina, M. Yao, T. C. Chen, M. M. Wolfe, and M. F. Holick
Vitamin D Deficiency Enhances the Growth of MC-26 Colon Cancer Xenografts in Balb/c Mice
J. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 135(10): 2350 - 2354.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
C. E. Moore, M. M. Murphy, and M. F. Holick
Vitamin D Intakes by Children and Adults in the United States Differ among Ethnic Groups
J. Nutr., October 1, 2005; 135(10): 2478 - 2485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. F Holick and V. Tangpricha
Reply to MA Weinstock and D Lazovich
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2005; 82(3): 707 - 708.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CirculationHome page
M. M. Bachschmid and B. van der Loo
A New "Sunshine" in the Vasculature?
Circulation, April 5, 2005; 111(13): 1571 - 1573.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 IBMS BoneKEyHome page
E. Seeman and G. J. Strewler
Clinical and Basic Research Papers - December 2004 Selections
IBMS BoneKEy, January 1, 2005; 2(1): 1 - 5.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. J Raiten and M. F. Picciano
Vitamin D and health in the 21st century: bone and beyond. Executive summary
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1673S - 1677S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Copyright © 2004 by The American Society for Nutrition