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ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
1 From The Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (DR and KWJW); the Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (EAM, TB, SJW, CER, and PCC); and the School of Life Sciences, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom (KWJK)
Background: Increasing intakes of long-chain n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease markers of immunity. However, dose- and age-related responses have not been identified.
Objective: The objective was to determine the effects of different amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on innate immune outcomes in young and older males.
Design: In a controlled, double-blind study, healthy young and older men consumed 1 of 4 supplements provided as capsules: placebo (corn oil) or different amounts of an oil providing 1.35, 2.7, or 4.05 g EPA/d for 12 wk. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 12 wk.
Results: EPA was incorporated in a linear dose-response fashion into plasma and mononuclear cell (MNC) phospholipids; incorporation was greater in the older men. EPA treatment did not alter neutrophil or monocyte phagocytosis, monocyte respiratory burst, or the production of inflammatory cytokines by MNCs in the young or older men. EPA treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in neutrophil respiratory burst only in the older men. Increased incorporation of EPA into plasma or MNC phospholipids was associated with decreased production of prostaglandin E2 by MNCs from both young and older men.
Conclusions: Older subjects incorporate EPA into plasma and MNC phospholipids more readily than do younger subjects. Other than prostaglandin E2 production, innate immune responses in young subjects are not affected by an EPA intake of 
4.05 g/d. Older subjects are more sensitive to the immunologic effects of EPA, and the neutrophil respiratory burst is lower at higher EPA intakes.
Key Words: Fish oil • n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids • innate immunity • monocyte • neutrophil • cytokine • phagocytosis • respiratory burst
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