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Supplement: Living Well to 100: Nutrition, Genetics, Inflammation |
1 From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO
ABSTRACT
In this review, 2 cytokines are discussed with respect to the inflammatory processes that are fundamental to aging and mortality. Both interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-18 are members of the same structural family (IL-1 family, or IL-F); there are presently 9 members of this family, but with the exception of IL-1
, IL-1ß, and IL-18, the others are antagonists or remain without known function. IL-1
is an intracellular cytokine with properties of both a cytokine and a transcription factor. IL-1ß and IL-18 are closely related; both possess a similar three-dimensional structure, and their respective precursor forms are inactive until cleaved by the intracellular cysteine protease caspase-1. Patients with mutations in the NALP3 gene, which controls the activity of caspase-1, readily secrete more IL-1ß and IL-18 and suffer from systemic inflammatory diseases. Patients with defects in this gene have high circulating concentrations of IL-6, serum amyloid A, and C-reactive protein, each of which decrease rapidly upon blockade of the IL-1 receptor, which suggests that IL-1ß contributes to the elevation of these markers of the inflammatory mechanisms of aging. Animal studies support the concept that IL-1ß and IL-18 participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. For example, overexpression of the IL-18 binding protein, a naturally occurring, specific inhibitor of IL-18, prevents the spontaneous development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein Edeficient mice. From human and animal studies, one may conclude that IL-1ß and IL-18 participate in fundamental inflammatory processes that increase during the aging process.
Key Words: Cytokines inflammation atherosclerosis aging
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