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Changes in caffeine intake and long-term weight change in men and women^1,2,3

¹ From the Departments of Nutrition (EL-G, RMvD, WCW, EBR, and FBH) and Epidemiology (WCW, JEM, and FBH), Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA; the Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, NY (SR); the Channing Laboratory (WCW, JEM, and FBH) and Division of Preventive Medicine (JEM), Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA

Background: The long-term effects of caffeine intake on weight have not been examined prospectively.

Objective: The objective was to assess the relation between caffeine intake and 12-y weight change.

Design: We conducted a prospective study of 18 417 men and 39 740 women, with no chronic diseases at baseline, who were followed from 1986 to 1998. Caffeine intake was assessed repeatedly every 2–4 y. Weight change was calculated as the difference between the self-reported weight in 1986 and in 1998.

Results: The participants reported a change in caffeine intake that varied across quintiles, from decreases of 296 and 342 mg/d to increases of 213 and 143 mg/d in men and women, respectively. Age-adjusted models showed a lower mean weight gain in participants who increased their caffeine consumption than in those who decreased their consumption, but the differences between extreme quintiles were small: –0.43 kg (95% CI: –0.17, –0.69) in men and –0.41 kg (95% CI: –0.20, –0.62) in women. After adjustment for potential confounders and baseline and change in total energy intake and other nutrients and foods, the differences remained similar for men and diminished slightly for women (men: –0.43 kg; 95% CI: –0.17, –0.68; women: –0.35; 95% CI: –0.14, –0.56). An increase in coffee and tea consumption was also associated with less weight gain. In men, the association between caffeine intake and weight was stronger in younger participants (P for interaction < 0.001); in women, the association was stronger in those who had a body mass index (in kg/m²) 25, who were less physically active, or who were current smokers (P for interaction < 0.001).

Conclusion: Increases in caffeine intake may lead to a small reduction in long-term weight gain.

Key Words: Caffeine intake • long-term weight change • prospective study • type 2 diabetes

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