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ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
1 From the Clinical Cooperation Group Pediatric Immune Regulation (SK-E and RS), the Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (EH), and the Division of Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital (HD and BVK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; the GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany (SK-E and RS); the Departments of Pediatrics (CC and MJ) and Biochemistry and Biology (AG), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; the Research Department, Ordesa Laboratories, Barcelona, Spain (MR); and the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (BVK) and Pediatrics (TD), University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Background: Pregnant women usually meet their increased energy needs but do not always meet their increased micronutrient requirements. The supply of both folic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been related to positive pregnancy and infant outcomes.
Objective: We aimed to assess whether fish-oil (FO) supplementation with or without folate from gestation week 22 to birth improves maternal and fetal n–3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n–3 LC-PUFA) status.
Design: We conducted a multicenter (Germany, Hungary, and Spain), randomized, double-blind, 2 x 2 factorial, placebo-controlled trial. From gestation week 22 until delivery, 311 pregnant women received daily a preparation with FO [0.5 g DHA and 0.15 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)], 400 µg methyltetrahydrofolic acid (MTHF), FO with MTHF, or placebo. Outcome measures included maternal and cord plasma DHA and EPA contents at gestation weeks 20 and 30 and at delivery, indicators of pregnancy outcome, and fetal development.
Results: FO significantly (P < 0.001) increased maternal DHA and EPA (% by wt), as shown by 3-factor repeated-measures ANOVA (ie, MTHF, FO, and time) with adjustment for maternal baseline DHA and EPA. In addition, FO significantly (P < 0.001) increased cord blood DHA (% by wt; 2-factor ANOVA). MTHF was significantly (P = 0.046) associated with increased maternal DHA (% by wt). There was no FO x MTHF interaction for the time course of DHA or EPA (P = 0.927 and 0.893). Pregnancy outcomes and fetal development did not differ significantly among the intervention groups.
Conclusions: FO supplementation from gestation week 22 until delivery improves fetal n–3 LC-PUFA status and attenuates depletion of maternal stores. MTHF may further enhance maternal n–3 LC-PUFA proportions.
Key Words: Pregnancy • long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids • LC-PUFA • folate • randomized controlled trial • fetal docosahexaenoic acid • DHA • eicosapentaenoic acid • EPA
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