HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Agricola

Effect of a 12-mo micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well-nourished and marginally nourished school-aged children: 2 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in Australia and Indonesia^1,2,3,4

¹ From CSIRO, Human Nutrition, Adelaide, Australia (KIB, JB, EC, DH, and CW); the SEAMEO-TROPMED Regional Center for Community Nutrition, University of Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia (MH, EK, WL, and HM); and the Unilever Food and Health Research Institute (UFHRI), Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, Netherlands (SJMO, BJ-WvK, HCMvdK, and CT)

Background: Little is known about the combined effect of micronutrients and essential fatty acids on cognitive function in school-aged children.

Objective: We assessed the effect of micronutrients, long-chain n–3 fatty acids, or both on indicators of cognitive performance in well-nourished and marginally nourished school-aged children.

Design: Two 2-by-2 factorial randomized controlled double-blind trials were performed home-based in Adelaide, South Australia, and at 6 primary schools in Jakarta, Indonesia. A total of 396 children (aged 6-10 y) in Australia and 384 children in Indonesia were randomly allocated to receive a drink with a micronutrient mix (iron, zinc, folate, and vitamins A, B-6, B-12, and C), with docosahexanoic acid (DHA,88 mg/d) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 22 mg/d), or with both or placebo 6 d/wk for 12 mo. Biochemical indicators were determined at baseline and 12 mo. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline, 6 mo, and 12 mo.

Results: The micronutrient treatment significantly improved plasma micronutrient concentrations in Australian and Indonesian children. DHA+EPA treatment increased plasma DHA and total plasma n–3 fatty acids in both countries. The micronutrient treatment resulted in significant increases in scores on tests representing verbal learning and memory in Australia (estimated effect size: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.46). A similar effect was observed among Indonesian girls (estimated effect size: 0.32; 95% CI: –0.01, 0.64). No effects were found on tests measuring general intelligence or attention. No effects of DHA+EPA on the factors of cognitive tests were observed.

Conclusion: In well-nourished school-aged children, fortification with multiple micronutrients can result in improvements in verbal learning and memory.

Key Words: Micronutrients • fatty acids • cognition • school-aged children

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. S. Manger, J. E McKenzie, P. Winichagoon, A. Gray, V. Chavasit, T. Pongcharoen, S. Gowachirapant, B. Ryan, E. Wasantwisut, and R. S Gibson A micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder reduces morbidity and improves short-term cognitive function, but has no effect on anthropometric measures in primary school children in northeast Thailand: a randomized controlled trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2008; 87(6): 1715 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. McCann and B. N. Ames Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction? FASEB J, April 1, 2008; 22(4): 982 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]