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Breakfast glycemic index affects subsequent daily energy intake in free-living healthy children^1,2,3

¹ From the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Dortmund, Germany (AEB, KT, AK, ALBG, and TR), and the Fulda University of Applied Science, Fulda, Germany (AK)

Background: Experimental studies have reported that the effect of a meal's glycemic index (GI) on subsequent energy intake depends on the timing of the subsequent meal.

Objective: We examined whether the timing of the next meal after breakfast modifies the effect of the breakfast GI (GI_br) on subsequent daytime energy intake of healthy free-living children.

Design: Analyses included 381 participants of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometrical Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study who had provided weighed dietary records at ages 2, 4-5, and 7 y.

Results: At all ages, among children who consumed their next meal in the early postprandial phase (after 3-4 h), children with a lower GI_br consumed more calories throughout the remainder of the day than did children with a higher GI_br, independent of major dietary confounders. For the age groups 2, 4-5, and 7 y, energy intakes in tertiles 1 and 3 were 785 kcal (95% CI: 743-830 kcal) and 717 kcal (678-758 kcal), P for trend = 0.2; 993 kcal (941-1047 kcal) and 949 kcal (900-1000 kcal), P for trend = 0.05; 1255 (1171-1344) and 1166 (1090-1247 kcal), P for trend = 0.03, respectively. Conversely, among children consuming their next meal in the late postprandial phase (>3-4 h), subsequent daytime energy intake was not associated with GI_br.

Conclusion: This study confirms differential early and late postprandial effects of the GI_br on subsequent daytime energy intake for free-living children at different ages. Interestingly, the apparent short-term satiating effect of a higher GI_br, in particular, persisted throughout the day, if a second breakfast was consumed midmorning.

Key Words: Glycemic index • glycemic load • children • satiety • energy intake • breakfast

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