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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 86, No. 6, 1745-1753, December 2007
© 2007 American Society for Nutrition

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION

Intake of whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber measured with 7-d diet records and associations with risk factors for chronic disease 1,2,3

PK Newby, Janice Maras, Peter Bakun, Denis Muller, Luigi Ferrucci and Katherine L Tucker

1 From the Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, and the Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (PKN); the Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (JM, PB, and KLT); the National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD (DM and LF)

Background: Research studies examining foods are important, because they account for biological interactions that might otherwise be lost in the analysis of individual nutrients. Single-nutrient studies are also needed to explore the mechanisms by which foods may be protective.

Objective: Our objective was to examine associations between whole grains, refined grains, and cereal fiber and chronic disease risk factors.

Design: In a cross-sectional analysis of participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, associations between dietary intakes and risk factors were examined with multivariate linear regression analysis. Dietary intakes were assessed with 7-d dietary records and quantified in g/d.

Results: Compared with subjects in the lowest quintile (Q1) of whole-grain intake, subjects in the highest quintile (Q5) had lower body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2; Q1: 25.5; Q5: 24.8; P for trend <0.0001) and weight (Q1: 75.0 kg; Q5: 72.4 kg; P for trend = 0.004) and smaller waist circumference (Q1: 87.4 cm; Q5: 85.0 cm; P for trend = 0.002). Whole grains were also inversely associated with total cholesterol (P for trend = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (P for trend = 0.04), and 2-h glucose (P for trend = 0.0006). Associations between cereal fiber and anthropometrics and plasma lipids were similar. In subgroup analyses, refined grains were positively associated with fasting insulin among women (P for trend = 0.002).

Conclusions: Similar associations of whole grains and cereal fiber with weight, BMI, waist circumference, plasma cholesterol, and 2-h glucose were observed, suggesting that cereal fiber and its constituents may in part mediate these relations. Refined grains were associated with fasting insulin among women but not men. Additional research should explore potential interaction effects with BMI, sex, age, and genes.

Key Words: Whole grains • refined grains • fiber • diet records • risk factors






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