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Comparison of cytokine modulation by natural peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor ligands with synthetic ligands in intestinal-like Caco-2 cells and human dendritic cells—potential for dietary modulation of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor in intestinal inflammation ^1,2,3

¹ From the Gastroenterology Section, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom (RM-L, MB, RJP, and SG), and Appareil Digestif Environnement Nutrition, Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Institut Fédératif de Recherches Multidisciplinaires sur les Peptides, Gambetta, France (PD)

Background: Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR) plays a role in the regulation of intestinal inflammation and is activated by both natural (polyunsaturated fatty acid; PUFAs) and synthetic (troglitazone) ligands. The fatty acid content of defined formula diets may play a role in mediating the antiinflammatory effect, but the mechanism is unclear.

Objective: We evaluated to what extent the effect of PUFAs on intestinal inflammation is mediated via PPAR.

Design: The human enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2 and human dendritic cells were stimulated by interleukin (IL) 1β and lipoprotein polysaccharide, respectively, in the presence of PPAR agonists (troglitazone or PUFAs) or antagonist (GW9662). Five PUFAs were tested: -linolenic acid (ALA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and -linolenic acid (GLA). Cytokine production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PPAR, I-B, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Western blot.

Results: In Caco-2 cells, IL-6 secretion was significantly decreased by troglitazone, DHA, EPA, and GLA. IL-8 production was significantly decreased by troglitazone, ALA, DHA, EPA, and GLA. PPAR expression was significantly increased by troglitazone, DHA, and EPA. iNOS expression was significantly decreased by troglitazone, DHA, and EPA. Troglitazone and PUFAs at 0.1 µmol/L tended to increase the expression of I-B. Addition of GW9662 reversed the effect of troglitazone and PUFAs at 0.1 µmol/L on IL-8 production and decreased the expression of PPAR. EPA and DHA also modulated the dendritic cell response to lipoprotein polysaccharide.

Conclusions: The tested PUFAs exerted an antiinflammatory effect in vitro in both models. This effect of PUFAs in Caco-2 cells is similar to that of troglitazone on intestinal inflammation mediated by PPAR, and the potency of the antiinflammatory effect is linked to the number of double bonds.

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				R Marion-Letellier, P Dechelotte, M Iacucci, and S Ghosh Dietary modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma Gut, April 1, 2009; 58(4): 586 - 593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]