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Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women^1,2,3

¹ From the INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), ERI 20, EA 4045, and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (ML, M-CB-R, AF, and FC-C); the Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico (ML and IR); the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (ML)

Background: Diets high in carbohydrates may result in chronically elevated insulin concentrations and may affect breast cancer risk by stimulation of insulin receptors or through insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)–mediated mitogenesis. Insulin response to carbohydrate intake is increased in insulin-resistant states such as obesity.

Objective: We sought to evaluate carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) and subsequent overall and hormone-receptor-defined breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women.

Design: A prospective cohort analysis of dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes was conducted among 62 739 postmenopausal women from the E3N French study who had completed a validated dietary history questionnaire in 1993. During a 9-y period, 1812 cases of pathology-confirmed breast cancer were documented through follow-up questionnaires. Nutrients were categorized into quartiles and energy-adjusted with the regression-residual method. Cox model–derived relative risks (RRs) were adjusted for known determinants in breast cancer.

Results: Dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes were not associated with overall breast cancer risk. Among overweight women, we observed an association between GI and breast cancer (RR_Q1–Q4: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.82; P for trend = 0.04). For women in the highest category of waist circumference, the RR_Q1–Q4 was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.67; P for trend = 0.10) for carbohydrates, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.75; P for trend = 0.01) for GI, and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.77; P for trend = 0.003) for GL. We also observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake, GL, and estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer risk.

Conclusions: Rapidly absorbed carbohydrates are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk among overweight women and women with large waist circumference. Carbohydrate intake may also be associated with estrogen receptor–negative breast cancer.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. Park, L. A Brinton, A. F Subar, A. Hollenbeck, and A. Schatzkin Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2009; 90(3): 664 - 671. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. George, S. T. Mayne, M. F. Leitzmann, Y. Park, A. Schatzkin, A. Flood, A. Hollenbeck, and A. F. Subar Dietary Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2009; 169(4): 462 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]