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Protein, weight management, and satiety^1,2,3,4

¹ From the Departments of Physical Therapy and Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (EW); the Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IL (RDM); the Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR (RRW); the Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (AA); and the Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Germany (MW-P)

ABSTRACT

Obesity, with its comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases, is a major public health concern. To address this problem, it is imperative to identify treatment interventions that target a variety of short- and long-term mechanisms. Although any dietary or lifestyle change must be personalized, controlled energy intake in association with a moderately elevated protein intake may represent an effective and practical weight-loss strategy. Potential beneficial outcomes associated with protein ingestion include the following: 1) increased satiety—protein generally increases satiety to a greater extent than carbohydrate or fat and may facilitate a reduction in energy consumption under ad libitum dietary conditions; 2) increased thermogenesis—higher-protein diets are associated with increased thermogenesis, which also influences satiety and augments energy expenditure (in the longer term, increased thermogenesis contributes to the relatively low-energy efficiency of protein); and 3) maintenance or accretion of fat-free mass—in some individuals, a moderately higher protein diet may provide a stimulatory effect on muscle protein anabolism, favoring the retention of lean muscle mass while improving metabolic profile. Nevertheless, any potential benefits associated with a moderately elevated protein intake must be evaluated in the light of customary dietary practices and individual variability.