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Corrective responses in human food intake identified from an analysis of 7-d food-intake records^1,2,3

¹ From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA (GAB, JV, JPD, and CMC), and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA (J-PF)

² Supported by a grant from USDA (2003-34323-14010).

³ Reprints not available. Address correspondence to GA Bray, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808. E-mail: brayga{at}pbrc.edu

Background: We tested the hypothesis that ad libitum food intake shows corrective responses over periods of 1–5 d.

Design: This was a prospective study of food intake in women.

Methods: Two methods, a weighed food intake and a measured food intake, were used to determine daily nutrient intake during 2 wk in 20 women. Energy expenditure with the use of doubly labeled water was done contemporaneously with the weighed food-intake record. The daily deviations in macronutrient and energy intake from the average 7-d values were compared with the deviations observed 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d later to estimate the corrective responses.

Results: Both methods of recording food intake gave similar patterns of macronutrient and total energy intakes and for deviations from average intakes. The intraindividual CVs for energy intake ranged from ±12% to ±47% with an average of ±25%. Reported energy intake was 85.5–95.0% of total energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water. Significant corrective responses were observed in food intakes with a 3- to 4-d lag that disappeared when data were randomized within each subject.

Conclusions: Human beings show corrective responses to deviations from average energy and macronutrient intakes with a lag time of 3–4 d, but not 1–2 d. This suggests that short-term studies may fail to recognize important signals of food-intake regulation that operate over several days. These corrective responses probably play a crucial role in bringing about weight stability.