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Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup^1,2,3,4,5

¹ From the Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, and the Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis

² Presented at the American Society for Nutrition Public Information Committee symposium "High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS): Everything You Wanted to Know, but Were Afraid to Ask," held at Experimental Biology 2007 in Washington, DC, 30 April 2007.

³ The contents of this manuscript are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) or the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Information on NCRR is available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/. Information on Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise can be obtained from http://nihroadmap.nih.gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp.

⁴ Supported in part with research funding from the American Diabetes Association; the US Department of Agriculture; the National Institutes of Health (HL-075675, HL-091333, AT-002599, AT-002993, AT-003545, and DK-58108); Pepsico, Inc, Purchase, NY; the California National Primate Research Center (RR-00169); and the UC Davis Clinical and Translational Science Center (grant number UL1 RR024146) from the NCRR, a component of the NIH and the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research.

⁵ Address reprint requests to PJ Havel, Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616. E-mail: pjhavel{at}ucdavis.edu.

ABSTRACT

Our laboratory has investigated 2 hypotheses regarding the effects of fructose consumption: 1) the endocrine effects of fructose consumption favor a positive energy balance, and 2) fructose consumption promotes the development of an atherogenic lipid profile. In previous short- and long-term studies, we showed that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with 3 meals results in lower 24-h plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and leptin in humans than does consumption of glucose-sweetened beverages. We have also tested whether prolonged consumption of high-fructose diets leads to increased caloric intake or decreased energy expenditure, thereby contributing to weight gain and obesity. Results from a study conducted in rhesus monkeys produced equivocal results. Carefully controlled and adequately powered long-term studies are needed to address these hypotheses. In both short- and long-term studies, we showed that consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages substantially increases postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations compared with glucose-sweetened beverages. In the long-term studies, apolipoprotein B concentrations were also increased in subjects consuming fructose, but not in those consuming glucose. Data from a short-term study comparing consumption of beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, high-fructose corn syrup, and sucrose suggest that high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose increase postprandial triacylglycerol to an extent comparable with that induced by 100% fructose alone. Increased consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages along with increased prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes underscore the importance of investigating the metabolic consequences of fructose consumption in carefully controlled experiments.

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