| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION |
1 From the Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
2 Presented at the symposium, "Fifth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition," held in Loma Linda, CA, March 4–6, 2008. 3 Supported by the Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council. 4 Reprints not available. Address correspondence to TJ Key, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom. E-mail: tim.key{at}ceu.ox.ac.uk.
Background: Few prospective studies have examined the mortality of vegetarians.
Objective: We present results on mortality among vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford).
Design: We used a prospective study of men and women recruited throughout the United Kingdom in the 1990s.
Results: Among 64,234 participants aged 20–89 y for whom diet group was known, 2965 had died before age 90 by 30 June 2007. The death rates of participants are much lower than average for the United Kingdom. The standardized mortality ratio for all causes of death was 52% (95% CI: 50%, 54%) and was identical in vegetarians and in nonvegetarians. Comparing vegetarians with meat eaters among the 47,254 participants who had no prevalent cardiovascular disease or malignant cancer at recruitment, the death rate ratios adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption were 0.81 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.16) for ischemic heart disease and 1.03 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.16) for all causes of death.
Conclusions: The mortality of both the vegetarians and the nonvegetarians in this study is low compared with national rates. Within the study, mortality from circulatory diseases and all causes is not significantly different between vegetarians and meat eaters, but the study is not large enough to exclude small or moderate differences for specific causes of death, and more research on this topic is required.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  R. W. Friesen and S. M. Innis Dietary Arachidonic Acid to EPA and DHA Balance Is Increased among Canadian Pregnant Women with Low Fish Intake J. Nutr., December 1, 2009; 139(12): 2344 - 2350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Mann Vegetarian diets BMJ, July 8, 2009; 339(jul08_1): b2507 - b2507. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Rajaram and J. Sabate Preface Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1541S - 1542S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R Jacobs Jr, M. D Gross, and L. C Tapsell Food synergy: an operational concept for understanding nutrition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1543S - 1548S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J Key, P. N Appleby, E. A Spencer, R. C Travis, A. W Roddam, and N. E Allen Cancer incidence in vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Oxford) Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1620S - 1626S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J Craig Health effects of vegan diets Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1627S - 1633S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R Jacobs Jr, E. H Haddad, A. J. Lanou, and M. J Messina Food, plant food, and vegetarian diets in the US dietary guidelines: conclusions of an expert panel Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1549S - 1552S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Lampe Interindividual differences in response to plant-based diets: implications for cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1553S - 1557S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Simon, Y.-H. Chen, and S. Bent The relation of {alpha}-linolenic acid to the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1558S - 1564S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Newby Plant foods and plant-based diets: protective against childhood obesity? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1572S - 1587S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Mangat Do vegetarians have to eat fish for optimal cardiovascular protection? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1597S - 1601S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M Weaver Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1634S - 1637S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Lanou Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Counterpoint Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1638S - 1642S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sabate and Y. Ang Nuts and health outcomes: new epidemiologic evidence Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1643S - 1648S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ros Nuts and novel biomarkers of cardiovascular disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1649S - 1656S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Carlsson-Kanyama and A. D Gonzalez Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1704S - 1709S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P Pierce, L. Natarajan, B. J Caan, S. W Flatt, S. Kealey, E. B Gold, R. A Hajek, V. A Newman, C. L Rock, M. Pu, et al. Dietary change and reduced breast cancer events among women without hot flashes after treatment of early-stage breast cancer: subgroup analysis of the Women's Healthy Eating and Living Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1565S - 1571S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. D Barnard, J. Cohen, D. J. Jenkins, G. Turner-McGrievy, L. Gloede, A. Green, and H. Ferdowsian A low-fat vegan diet and a conventional diabetes diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled, 74-wk clinical trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1588S - 1596S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M Willis, B. Shukitt-Hale, and J. A Joseph Modulation of cognition and behavior in aged animals: role for antioxidant- and essential fatty acid-rich plant foods Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1602S - 1606S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rajaram, E. H. Haddad, A. Mejia, and J. Sabate Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized controlled study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1657S - 1663S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chan, K. Jaceldo-Siegl, and G. E Fraser Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of vegetarians, partial vegetarians, and nonvegetarians: the Adventist Health Study-2 Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1686S - 1692S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J Marlow, W. K Hayes, S. Soret, R. L Carter, E. R Schwab, and J. Sabate Diet and the environment: does what you eat matter? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1699S - 1703S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Eshel and P. A Martin Geophysics and nutritional science: toward a novel, unified paradigm Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1710S - 1716S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Lampe Is equol the key to the efficacy of soy foods? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1664S - 1667S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M Badger, J. M Gilchrist, R T. Pivik, A. Andres, K. Shankar, J.-R. Chen, and M. J Ronis The health implications of soy infant formula Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1668S - 1672S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lonnerdal Soybean ferritin: implications for iron status of vegetarians Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1680S - 1685S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Elmadfa and I. Singer Vitamin B-12 and homocysteine status among vegetarians: a global perspective Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2009; 89(5): 1693S - 1698S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
