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Relations between protein intake and blood pressure in Japanese men and women: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS) ^1,2,3

¹ From the Department of Public Health Medicine, Institute of Community Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan (MU and KY); the Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion, Osaka, Japan (SS, HI, AK, and TS); the Department of Public Health, University of Ehime, Ehime, Japan (TT); and the Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan (HI).

² Supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research A (04304036 and 15659146) and Research B (06454234, 08457125, and 11470103) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a 2002 scientific grant from Health Promotion Foundation.

³ Address reprint requests and correspondence to H Iso, Public Health, Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka-fu 565-0871, Japan. E-mail: iso{at}pbhel.med.osaka-u.ac.jp.

Background: An inverse association between protein intake and blood pressure has been reported in Western countries. However, the evidence is limited for Asians, whose protein sources are different from those in Western populations.

Objectives: The objective was to examine the association between protein intake and blood pressure in Japanese adults.

Methods: We conducted a population-based, cross-sectional study of 7585 subjects (3499 men and 4086 women) from 40 to 69 y of age living in 5 communities in Japan. Dietary intakes of total, animal, and plant protein were estimated by a single 24-h dietary recall. We then examined the associations between dietary intake of those proteins and blood pressure after adjustment for age, sex, community, body mass index, antihypertensive medication use, ethanol intake, smoking, and dietary intakes of sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Results: After adjustment for cardiovascular disease risk factors, a 25.5-g/d increment in total protein intake was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 1.14 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and in diastolic blood pressure of 0.65 mm Hg (P < 0.001), and a 19.9-g/d increment in animal protein intake was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 1.09 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and in diastolic blood pressure of 0.41 mm Hg (P = 0.003). A 13.1-g/dincrement in plant protein intake was associated with a decrease in diastolic blood pressure of 0.57 mm Hg (P < 0.001). Further adjustment for nutritional factors weakened these associations, but the inverse associations of total protein intake with diastolic blood pressure and of animal protein intake with systolic blood pressure remained statistically significant.

Conclusion: Total and animal protein intakes were inversely associated with blood pressure in Japanese adults.