International Congress on Abnominal Obesity
Am J Clin Nutr 90: 1674-1692, 2009. First published November 4, 2009; doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27799
 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27799
Vol. 90, No. 6, 1674-1692, December 2009
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© 2009 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION

Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis1,2,3

Andrea L Darling, D Joe Millward, David J Torgerson, Catherine E Hewitt and Susan A Lanham-New

1 From the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom (ALD, DJM, and SAL-N), and the Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom (DJT and CEH).

2 ALD was awarded the 2009 Young Investigator Award at the UK Osteoporosis Conference, Manchester, June 2009, for this work and was a 2008 UK Science, Engineering and Technology Finalist.

3 Address correspondence and reprint requests to AL Darling, Nutritional Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom. E-mail: a.darling{at}surrey.ac.uk.

Background: There has been a resurgence of interest in the controversial relation between dietary protein and bone health.

Objective: This article reports on the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the relation between protein and bone health in healthy human adults.

Design: The MEDLINE (January 1966 to September 2007) and EMBASE (1974 to July 2008) databases were electronically searched for all relevant studies of healthy adults; studies of calcium excretion or calcium balance were excluded.

Results: In cross-sectional surveys, all pooled r values for the relation between protein intake and bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content at the main clinically relevant sites were significant and positive; protein intake explained 1–2% of BMD. A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials indicated a significant positive influence of all protein supplementation on lumbar spine BMD but showed no association with relative risk of hip fractures. No significant effects were identified for soy protein or milk basic protein on lumbar spine BMD.

Conclusions: A small positive effect of protein supplementation on lumbar spine BMD in randomized placebo-controlled trials supports the positive association between protein intake and bone health found in cross-sectional surveys. However, these results were not supported by cohort study findings for hip fracture risk. Any effects found were small and had 95% CIs that were close to zero. Therefore, there is a small benefit of protein on bone health, but the benefit may not necessarily translate into reduced fracture risk in the long term.


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