International Congress on Abnominal Obesity
Am J Clin Nutr (June 24, 2009). doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27269
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© 2009 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

An obesogenic postnatal environment is more important than the fetal environment for the development of adult adiposity: a study of female twins1,2,3

Paula ML Skidmore, Aedin Cassidy, Ramasamyiyer Swaminathan, J Brent Richards, Massimo Mangino, Tim D Spector and Alex J MacGregor

1 From the Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand (PMLS); the School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom (PMLS, AC, and AJM); and the Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom (RS, JBR, MM, TDS, and AJM).

2 Supported in part by the Wellcome Trust, NIHR (TDS), NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (grant to Guys’ and St Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London), the Chronic Disease Research Foundation, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (JBR).

3 Address correspondence to PML Skidmore, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Union Place, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. E-mail: paula.skidmore{at}otago.ac.nz.

ABSTRACT

Background: A relation between birth weight and adult body composition has been reported in singleton populations, especially when more accurate measures of body composition, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used. It remains uncertain whether this is mediated by a direct effect of fetal nutrition, through factors in the shared environment, or through genetic factors.

Objective: The objective was to investigate the relation between birth weight and body composition with the use of a co-twin design.

Design: DXA measurements and birth weights were available for 2228 dizygotic and 842 monozygotic female twins aged between 18 and 80 y. Multivariate regression models were used to identify both individual specific relations and those mediated through the shared environment.

Results: Significant relations were found between birth weight and DXA measures for individuals. A 1-kg increase in birth weight was associated with a 1.72-kg increase in lean mass, a 0.25-kg increase in fat mass, and a 0.05-unit increase in the lean:fat mass ratio. Within twin pairs, the analysis showed that associations between birth weight and absolute levels of lean and fat mass were mediated through individual-specific effects, whereas the relation between birth weight and the proportion of lean to fat mass was mediated purely through factors common to twin pairs.

Conclusions: A higher birth weight is associated with a higher proportion of lean to fat mass as adults. However, these analyses suggest that this association is not determined by individual specific factors in utero (eg, fetal nutrition) but through factors in the shared common environment of the twins.

Received for publication November 23, 2008. Accepted for publication May 29, 2009.